Predictive visual uncertainty around moving trajectories influences causality judgments in launching displays

Michotte's 'launching displays' are animations of collision-like interactions between two objects that elicit a stable and robust impression that one object, the launcher, caused another object, the target, to move. Although it is well-known that unexpected disruptions of movement continuation between launcher and target decrease causal impressions in centre-to-centre collisions, the role of observers' visual uncertainty around predicted moving trajectories remains relatively unexplored. In this work, we (1) assess observers' uncertainty around post-collision moving angles in a trajectory prediction task and (2) collect their causal impression in a causality rating task. In the latter task, observers viewed centre-to-centre collisions with different levels of movement continuity between the launcher and the target disc. By presenting different launch orientations, we exploited the well-known oblique effect to vary trajectory prediction uncertainty within individuals. If observers rely on their trajectory predictions to rate the causality of the collision, we expect their accuracy in (1) to have a systematic influence on their causality rating in (2). We replicate previous findings that observers report stronger causal impressions in trials where the target and the launcher move in the same direction and weaker causal impressions for collisions where the target and the launcher moving trajectory deviated. Furthermore, causality ratings were on average higher for oblique compared to cardinal launch directions, implying that increased sensory uncertainty induces a stronger causal impression. We hope this work will inspire deeper empirical assessments and computational models describing the role of sensory uncertainty and predictive processes in shaping subjective impressions of causality.