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Host factors in parainfluenza virus replication: from entry to innate immunity evasion

Xueqin Lin1,2,3,4, Yun Zhu1,2,3,4, Ling Jing5

  • 1Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.

Frontiers in Immunology
|June 15, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) cause severe respiratory infections, with no available vaccines or treatments. Recent functional genomics studies identify host factors crucial for HPIV infection, paving the way for new therapies.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are major causes of acute respiratory infections, particularly in vulnerable populations.
  • HPIVs are the second leading viral cause of acute lower respiratory infections in children under five.
  • Current therapeutic options for HPIV infections are limited, with no licensed vaccines or specific antiviral treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review host factors influencing HPIV infection stages: entry, replication, assembly, and release.
  • To summarize host factors involved in HPIV evasion of the innate immune system.
  • To contextualize these host factors within virus-host interaction networks for HPIV pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Functional genomics approaches, including CRISPR-Cas9 screening and cDNA library screening.
  • Multi-omics strategies to identify host-dependency factors.
  • Systematic literature review of recent advances in HPIV research.

Main Results:

  • Identification of essential host factors across the HPIV life cycle.
  • Understanding of host mechanisms exploited by HPIVs for replication and immune evasion.
  • Integration of host factor data into a network of virus-host interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Functional genomics has significantly advanced the understanding of HPIV-host interactions.
  • Elucidating host factor mechanisms provides a foundation for developing host-directed therapies (HDTs).
  • Targeting host factors offers a promising strategy for novel HPIV treatments.

Keywords:
host factorshost-directed therapyhuman parainfluenza virusinnate immunityviral life cyclevirus-host interactions

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