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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses a challenge in...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight, compared...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Excretion01:18

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Excretion

In geriatric patients, renal physiology undergoes significant changes, including diminished renal blood flow and a lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR), leading to alterations in medication clearance. Drugs such as aminoglycoside antibiotics, lithium, and digoxin, which rely on glomerular filtration for removal from the body, particularly impact pharmacokinetics. These drugs tend to have slower clearance rates in older adults, necessitating careful dosage considerations.Evaluation of renal...
Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...

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A Point-of-Care Method with Integrated Decision Support Tool to Estimate Anemia at Population Level
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Data-driven age partitioning for pediatric serum copper: implications for reference interval interpretation.

Hien Thu Pham1, Minh Thi Huyen Nguyen1,2, Quyen Hue Luong1

  • 1Vietnam National Children's Hospital, Vietnam.

Practical Laboratory Medicine
|June 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Serum copper levels in children and adolescents vary significantly by age, especially in infancy. Age-specific reference intervals are crucial for accurate interpretation of pediatric serum copper results.

Keywords:
Age partitioningChildrenGraphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometryReference intervalsSerum copper

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Pediatric Medicine
  • Clinical Chemistry

Background:

  • Serum copper is an essential trace element vital for various physiological processes.
  • Establishing accurate reference intervals is critical for diagnosing copper-related disorders in children.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine age-specific reference intervals for serum copper in Vietnamese children and adolescents.
  • To evaluate the necessity of sex-specific reference intervals for serum copper.
  • To enhance the clinical interpretation of pediatric serum copper test results.

Main Methods:

  • Serum copper levels were measured using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
  • A data-driven recursive partitioning analysis was employed to define age groups.
  • Reference intervals were calculated using the nonparametric percentile method (CLSI EP28-A3c).

Main Results:

  • Analysis included 1121 healthy Vietnamese participants aged 0 to 19 years.
  • Four age groups were established: 0-<6 days, 6 days to <12 months, 12 months to <7 years, and 7 to <19 years.
  • Age-specific reference intervals ranged from 1.9-15.4 μmol/L to 9.3-35.8 μmol/L; sex differences were minimal.

Conclusions:

  • Serum copper concentrations exhibit significant age-dependent variations, particularly during early childhood.
  • Age-specific reference intervals are recommended for pediatric serum copper interpretation.
  • Implementing age-specific intervals can improve diagnostic accuracy and reduce misclassification.