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Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

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Social Anxiety Disorder

Social Anxiety Disorder

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Signal Attenuation as a Rat Model of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

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Understanding Sex and Gender Effects on Autism Spectrum Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Clinical

Allison Pearlman^1,2, Amelia Abell^1,3, Pia Jauhar^1,4

¹Institute of Behavioral Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York.

Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science

|June 15, 2026

Summary

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) show significant sex and gender differences. Current diagnostic criteria may lead to underdiagnosis in females and gender-diverse individuals, necessitating sex- and gender-informed practices for equitable care.

Keywords:

Autism spectrum disorder Camouflaging Developmental psychology Diagnostic disparities Obsessive-compulsive disorder Sex and gender

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Area of Science:

Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Psychiatric Disorders
Sex and Gender Studies

Background:

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) exhibit notable sex and gender disparities in prevalence and presentation.
Diagnostic criteria for ASD and OCD are often based on male phenotypes, potentially leading to underdiagnosis in females.
Females with ASD may present with less stereotypical behaviors and camouflage symptoms, complicating diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

To examine the influence of sex and gender on the clinical presentation, genetic factors, and developmental risks of ASD and OCD.
To highlight the understudied role of gender, including in gender-diverse populations and the impact of gender norms.
To address how sociodemographic factors exacerbate diagnostic disparities.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on sex and gender differences in ASD and OCD.
Analysis of clinical presentation, genetic factors, and developmental risks across sexes and genders.
Examination of sociodemographic influences on diagnostic disparities.

Main Results:

Males are diagnosed with ASD approximately four times more frequently than females.
Females may show higher prevalence rates for OCD, though diagnostic biases might affect true prevalence.
Gender-diverse individuals may have elevated prevalence rates for both ASD and OCD.
Sociodemographic factors like race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status can worsen diagnostic inequities.

Conclusions:

Current diagnostic criteria require reform to better serve females, gender-diverse individuals, and marginalized populations.
Implementing sex- and gender-informed diagnostic practices is crucial for reducing diagnostic delays.
Equitable care and improved treatment outcomes depend on sex- and gender-informed approaches to ASD and OCD diagnosis and treatment.