A review of pretreatment methods and detection techniques for nonylphenol

Nonylphenol (NP) is a ubiquitous endocrine-disrupting chemical with confirmed adverse effects on multiple human physiological systems, posing urgent demands for its accurate detection in environmental and biological matrices. This review aims to systematically summarize the pretreatment methods and mainstream detection techniques for NP, with a critical synthesis of their analytical performance, applicable scenarios, advantages, and limitations. Core comparative findings are clarified: chromatography-mass spectrometry technologies (LC-MS/MS, GC-MS) are the gold standard for trace NP detection in complex matrices, with differentiated pretreatment requirements; HPLC has wide applicability but limited sensitivity for ultra-trace analysis; immunological assays are suitable for rapid on-site screening but with high detection limits. This work provides standardized guidance for NP detection method selection, directly supporting environmental monitoring and health risk assessment of NP.