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Related Concept Videos

Magnetic Resonance Imaging01:24

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...
Imaging Studies IV: Magnetic Resonance Imaging01:27

Imaging Studies IV: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Introduction:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or MRI, can include a specialized imaging technique of the urinary system known as Magnetic Resonance Urography (MRU). This radiation-free technique uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images with the help of a computer. MRU is particularly effective for visualizing fluid-filled structures like the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.Applications of MRI in the Genitourinary SystemKidneys and Ureters: MRI detects tumors, cysts,...
Positron Emission Tomography01:29

Positron Emission Tomography

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a medical imaging technique involving radiopharmaceuticals — substances that emit short-lived radiation. Although the first PET scanner was introduced in 1961, it took 15 more years before radiopharmaceuticals were combined with the technique and revolutionized its potential.
One of the main requirements of a PET scan is a positron-emitting radioisotope, which is produced in a cyclotron and then attached to a substance used by the part of the body being...
Imaging Studies II: Positron Emission Tomography and Scintigraphy01:25

Imaging Studies II: Positron Emission Tomography and Scintigraphy

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a medical imaging technique that provides crucial insights into the body's physiological functions at a molecular level. It is an indispensable resource for diagnosing, staging, and monitoring various illnesses, notably cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular conditions.
Fundamental Principles of PET

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Updated: Jun 16, 2026

High-resolution Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Methods for Human Midbrain
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High-resolution Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Methods for Human Midbrain

Published on: May 10, 2012

fMRI Using GRAPPA EPI with High Spatial Resolution Improves BOLD Signal Detection at 3T.

Dionyssios Mintzopoulos1,2, Loukas G Astrakas1,2, Masahiko Hiroki1

  • 1Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.

The Open Magnetic Resonance Reviews
|June 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Grappa parallel MRI (pMRI) enhances BOLD fMRI by enabling higher spatial resolution without losing signal. This advanced MRI technique is beneficial for whole-brain functional imaging at 3T.

Keywords:
3TBOLDEPIGRAPPAfMRIhuman brain mapping

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

High-resolution Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Methods for Human Midbrain
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Published on: May 10, 2012

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Published on: December 9, 2010

Optogenetic Functional MRI
06:06

Optogenetic Functional MRI

Published on: April 19, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Background:

  • BOLD fMRI is crucial for neuroscience research.
  • Optimizing BOLD fMRI acquisition parameters is essential for signal detection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare GRAPPA parallel MRI (pMRI) with regular MRI for BOLD fMRI.
  • To evaluate the impact of spatial resolution on BOLD signal acquisition.

Main Methods:

  • Acquired BOLD fMRI data using both GRAPPA pMRI and non-GRAPPA MRI.
  • Acquired data at both high and low spatial resolutions using EPI matrix.
  • Kept all other imaging parameters constant for direct comparison.

Main Results:

  • Higher spatial resolution acquisitions yielded significantly larger percent BOLD signal.
  • No loss of functional activation or BOLD signal was observed when comparing GRAPPA to non-GRAPPA at the same resolution.
  • GRAPPA pMRI allows for whole-brain acquisition at higher spatial resolution or faster scan times.

Conclusions:

  • GRAPPA pMRI is advantageous for BOLD fMRI.
  • GRAPPA pMRI supports whole-brain EPI acquisition at high spatial resolution.
  • pMRI can improve BOLD signal detection at 3T with optimal TE (30-40 ms).