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Related Concept Videos

Brain Imaging01:14

Brain Imaging

Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans),  magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),  functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS).

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Brain State-dependent Brain Stimulation with Real-time Electroencephalography-Triggered Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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State-Guided TMS-EEG for N100 Enhancement Study Based on Whole-Brain EEG Microstates.

Jiale Lan1, Yong Wang2, Xiaoli Li1,3

  • 1School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.

CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics
|June 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a state-guided transcranial magnetic stimulation-electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) protocol to improve the N100 component, a key marker of brain inhibition. Stimulation during the S4 microstate enhanced N100 amplitude, offering a promising approach for neuromodulation.

Keywords:
EEG microstatesTMS evoked N100TMS–EEGstate‐guided stimulation

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Published on: August 17, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Brain Imaging

Background:

  • Transcranial magnetic stimulation-electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) assesses cortical excitability and inhibition.
  • The N100 component, a marker of cortical inhibition, often lacks trial-to-trial stability, limiting its reliability.
  • A novel protocol is needed to enhance the stability and amplitude of the TMS-evoked N100.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a whole-brain, state-guided TMS-EEG protocol.
  • To enhance the stability and amplitude of the TMS-evoked N100 component.
  • To investigate the influence of distinct brain microstates on N100 characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • Acquired TMS-EEG data from 19 healthy adults.
  • Preprocessed data and sorted single trials into datasets based on concurrent brain microstates.
  • Computed global and local mean field amplitudes (GMFA/LMFA) and TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs) for each microstate.

Main Results:

  • Stimulation during the S4 microstate showed the numerically largest N100 in GMFA and LMFA (exploratory).
  • Statistically significant microstate effects were observed in TEPs, with S4 and S1 groups showing higher N100 than S2.
  • N100 enhancement during S4 was robust from 64 to 32 channels but diminished at lower electrode densities.

Conclusions:

  • A whole-brain, state-guided TMS-EEG framework was established for stabilizing and amplifying the N100 component.
  • Microstate-based state monitoring enhances local TEP N100 responses, particularly during the S4 microstate.
  • This approach shows potential for future state-guided neuromodulation in research and clinical settings.