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Related Concept Videos

The Electrical Double Layer01:30

The Electrical Double Layer

In the region where two bulk phases meet, an intricate electric charge distribution arises due to charge transfer, ion adsorption, molecular orientation, and charge distortion. This complex distribution is commonly referred to as the electrical double layer.When a solid electrode interfaces with ions in an electrolyte solution, the speed of electron transfer dictates the rates of oxidation and reduction. The electrode acquires a charge through the escape of atoms into the solution as cations or...
Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes03:08

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.

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Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions
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Published on: October 5, 2019

Exceeding 0.94% Solar-to-Chemical Energy Conversion: Asymmetrically Charge-Distributed Local Double-Charge Layers for

Wen Duan1, Wei Li1, Guocheng Liao1

  • 1College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|June 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a novel solar photocatalyst using a SiO2 nanolayer between CdS and Au. This structure enhances hydrogen production and benzyl alcohol conversion by optimizing charge separation and reducing recombination.

Keywords:
collaborative photocatalysisexciton tunnelinghydrogen evolutionlocal-double-charge layersvalue-added conversion

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Solar-Driven Electrochemical Green Fuel Production from CO2 and Water Using Ti3C2Tx MXene-Supported CuZn and NiCo Catalysts
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Solar-Driven Electrochemical Green Fuel Production from CO2 and Water Using Ti3C2Tx MXene-Supported CuZn and NiCo Catalysts
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Solar-Driven Electrochemical Green Fuel Production from CO2 and Water Using Ti3C2Tx MXene-Supported CuZn and NiCo Catalysts

Published on: November 7, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Photocatalysis
  • Renewable Energy

Background:

  • Solar-driven hydrogen (H2) evolution faces efficiency limitations.
  • Photocatalytic systems require efficient charge separation to improve performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate a novel local double-charge layer (LDCL) electronic structure in a SiO2-hindered CdS-Au photocatalytic system.
  • To enhance solar-driven H2 evolution and value-added benzyl alcohol conversion.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a SiO2 nanolayer-hindered CdS-Au photocatalytic system.
  • Utilized photoexciton tunneling behavior for charge separation.
  • Employed Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) and femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy.
  • Performed Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations and isotope tracing experiments.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated photoexciton tunneling through the SiO2 barrier, hindering recombination.
  • Revealed an asymmetric charge distribution in the LDCL structure (e-rich Au, h+ rich near SiO2/Au).
  • Achieved high benzyl alcohol conversion (20.67 mmol·g-1·h-1) with 100% benzaldehyde selectivity.
  • Obtained significant H2 coevolution (16.88 mmol·g-1·h-1) with >0.94% solar-to-chemical energy conversion.
  • Confirmed synergistic H2 evolution enhancement from benzyl alcohol dehydrogenation.

Conclusions:

  • The LDCL electronic structure significantly enhances photocatalytic activity by reducing energy barriers.
  • This engineered electronic structure offers a promising pathway for efficient solar fuel production and chemical conversion.
  • The findings provide a new strategy for designing advanced photocatalysts for collaborative applications.