Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure
08:14

Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure

Published on: August 23, 2017

Mixing Ratio and Relative Humidity Govern Dimethylamine Uptake on Ammonium Sulfate-Glyoxylic Acid Aerosols: Kinetics

Yuwei Gao1, Yangxi Chu2, Yuanyuan Qin3

  • 1College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

Environmental Science & Technology
|June 15, 2026
PubMed

Keywords:
ammonia-amine exchange reactionbrown carbonrelative humiditysecondary organic aerosoluptake coefficient

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Alkylation is one of the methods used to prepare amines. Direct alkylation of ammonia or a primary amine with an alkyl halide gives polyalkylated amines along with a quaternary ammonium salt through successive SN2 reactions. This process of making the quaternary salt through the direct alkylation method is called exhaustive alkylation.
Each alkylation step makes the nitrogen center more nucleophilic, which triggers successive alkylations until a quaternary ammonium salt is formed. Considering...
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Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines

Heterocyclic amines, where the N atom is a part of an alicyclic system, are similar in basicity to alkylamines. Interestingly, the heterocyclic amine having a nitrogen atom as part of an aromatic ring has much less basicity than its corresponding alicyclic counterpart. For this reason, as presented in Figure 1, piperidine (pKb = 2.8) is significantly more basic than pyridine (pKb = 8.8).
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Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
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