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Related Concept Videos

Facial Feedback Hypothesis01:24

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Charles Darwin proposed that facial expressions are an evolutionary adaptation for communication. He argued that these expressions are not influenced by culture but are universal across species. For example, a snarling expression with exposed teeth signals a threat in many animals, including humans. Darwin also suggested that displaying an emotion can intensify the feeling. Smiling, for example, could enhance one's sense of happiness. This idea laid the foundation for understanding the role of...

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Computerized Adaptive Testing System of Functional Assessment of Stroke
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Facial Synkinesis Patient Reported Outcome Measure 45-Item Survey (FSP-45).

Shai M Rozen1, Cristina V Sanchez1, Linda S Hynan2

  • 1. Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
|June 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new patient-reported outcome measure, the Facial Synkinesis PROM (FSP-45), has been developed and validated. This reliable tool assesses the functional and psychosocial effects of facial synkinesis, improving patient care.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Patient-Reported Outcome Measures
  • Psychometrics

Background:

  • Facial synkinesis (FS) is a common sequela of facial nerve injury, causing significant disability.
  • Currently, no validated patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) specifically addresses the functional and psychosocial impact of FS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a reliable, patient-centered instrument for assessing the effects of facial synkinesis.
  • To create a condition-specific PROM for individuals with FS.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective, multi-phase validation study involving 99 patients with FS and 25 experts.
  • Instrument development informed by patient input, followed by expert content validation and test-retest reliability assessment.
  • Psychometric evaluation included Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency and intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability.

Main Results:

  • A 46-item measure, the Facial Synkinesis PROM (FSP-45), was refined across five domains: symptoms, involuntary movements, daily activity limitations, social impact, and self-perception.
  • The FSP-45 demonstrated strong internal consistency (Cronbach's α: 0.888–0.963) and moderate to excellent test-retest reliability (Intraclass correlation coefficients: 0.553–0.839).

Conclusions:

  • The FSP-45 is a reliable and internally consistent instrument for evaluating the physical and psychosocial burden of FS in adults.
  • Further research is needed to establish the FSP-45's responsiveness to clinical change and its minimal clinically important difference.