Context-dependent transcriptional and epigenetic reprogramming shapes neutrophil antimicrobial and immunoregulatory...

Inflammatory microenvironments regulate immune cell differentiation, activation, and programming. Although traditionally considered terminally differentiated effectors, neutrophils can acquire distinct functional states in response to environmental cues. To examine context-dependent neutrophil programming, cells from healthy donors were cultured in vitro under cytokine regimens mimicking opposing inflammatory environments (GM-CSF/IFN-γ or IL-4/IL-13/TGF-β), alone or combined with PMA and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, to assess functional and transcriptional responses. GM-CSF/IFN-γ-conditioned neutrophils exhibited increased cell size, altered nuclear morphology, enhanced MHC class II and CD86 expression, and elevated IL-8 and reactive oxygen species production. This profile was associated with increased TNF-α, IL-10, TLR2, and TLR4 gene expression and reduced global DNA methylation. In contrast, IL-4/IL-13/TGF-β-conditioned neutrophils resembled non-conditioned controls regarding surface markers and cytokine production but showed reduced ROS generation and increased DNMT3A expression. Upon in vitro infection with M. tuberculosis, GM-CSF/IFN-γ-conditioned neutrophils produced higher IL-8 and IL-1β levels and formed more neutrophil extracellular traps. Additionally, plasma from patients with severe tuberculosis modulated TLR4, CCR7, and IP-10 expression in healthy neutrophils, indicating systemic inflammatory influences. These findings demonstrate that inflammatory conditioning induces coordinated transcriptional and epigenetic remodeling, shaping neutrophil antimicrobial and immunoregulatory potential in infectious contexts.