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Related Concept Videos

Adrenergic Receptors: β Subtype01:26

Adrenergic Receptors: β Subtype

β-adrenoceptors have varied sensitivities towards adrenaline, noradrenaline, and isoprenaline. The order of agonist potency is as follows:
Isoprenaline > Adrenaline > Noradrenaline
Neurotransmitter binding to these receptors causes activation of adenylyl cyclase resulting in increased concentrations of cAMP and modulation of calcium ion channels within the cell. They are further classified into β1, β2, and β3 subtypes.
β1-adrenoceptors: β1-adrenoceptors have equal affinities for...
Thermoregulation01:26

Thermoregulation

The human body has a sophisticated thermoregulation system that employs negative feedback mechanisms to maintain an optimal core temperature. When the core temperature drops, peripheral and central thermoreceptors send signals to the hypothalamus, activating the heat-promoting center. This center triggers several responses aimed at increasing the core temperature. First, vasoconstriction reduces the flow of warm blood from internal organs to the skin so that the heat is not lost from the skin,...
Adrenergic Antagonists: ɑ and β-Receptor Blockers01:31

Adrenergic Antagonists: ɑ and β-Receptor Blockers

Third-generation β-blockers, such as labetalol and carvedilol, represent a significant advancement in managing cardiovascular conditions. Unlike conventional β-blockers, which can induce peripheral vasoconstriction, third-generation drugs block α1 adrenoceptors. This promotes vasodilation through several mechanisms, such as increased nitric oxide production, inhibition of calcium ion entry, opening of potassium ion channels, and antioxidant action. Labetalol, for instance, is clinically...
Adrenergic Antagonists: Pharmacological Actions of β-Receptor Blockers01:27

Adrenergic Antagonists: Pharmacological Actions of β-Receptor Blockers

β-receptor blockers significantly impact the cardiovascular system by counteracting catecholamine-induced sympathetic responses. These medications decrease heart rate, contractility, and cardiac output, potentially leading to cardiac depression, life-threatening bradycardia, and death. Therapeutically, β-blockers function as mild antihypertensives and are utilized in treating angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmias. However, nonselective β-blockers inhibit β2-receptors in bronchial smooth...
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase01:11

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Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...
Thermosensation01:43

Thermosensation

Peripheral thermosensation is the perception of external temperature. A change in temperature (on the surface of the skin and other tissues) is detected by a family of temperature-sensitive ion channels called Transient Receptor Potential, or TRP, receptors. These receptors are located on free nerve endings. Those detecting cold temperatures are closer to the surface of the skin than the nerve endings detecting warmth. These thermoTRP channels, while temperature selective, have relatively...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Determining Basal Energy Expenditure and the Capacity of Thermogenic Adipocytes to Expend Energy in Obese Mice
06:57

Determining Basal Energy Expenditure and the Capacity of Thermogenic Adipocytes to Expend Energy in Obese Mice

Published on: November 11, 2021

Copper import via CTR1 supports the β3-Adrenergic thermogenic program.

Tae-Il Jeon1, Young-Seung Lee2, Tamara Korolnek3

  • 1Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Department of Animal Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.

Molecular Metabolism
|June 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Copper importer CTR1 is crucial for adaptive thermogenesis. Cold and beta3-adrenergic receptor stimulation increase copper, essential for energy expenditure and preventing hypothermia.

Keywords:
Adaptive thermogenesisBrown adipose TissueCTR1Copper homeostasisβ3-Adrenergic signaling

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Using a Combination of Indirect Calorimetry, Infrared Thermography, and Blood Glucose Levels to Measure Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis in Humans
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Isolation and Differentiation of Stromal Vascular Cells to Beige/Brite Cells
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Isolation and Differentiation of Stromal Vascular Cells to Beige/Brite Cells

Published on: March 28, 2013

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Determining Basal Energy Expenditure and the Capacity of Thermogenic Adipocytes to Expend Energy in Obese Mice
06:57

Determining Basal Energy Expenditure and the Capacity of Thermogenic Adipocytes to Expend Energy in Obese Mice

Published on: November 11, 2021

Using a Combination of Indirect Calorimetry, Infrared Thermography, and Blood Glucose Levels to Measure Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis in Humans
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Using a Combination of Indirect Calorimetry, Infrared Thermography, and Blood Glucose Levels to Measure Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis in Humans

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Isolation and Differentiation of Stromal Vascular Cells to Beige/Brite Cells
07:22

Isolation and Differentiation of Stromal Vascular Cells to Beige/Brite Cells

Published on: March 28, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Metabolic regulation
  • Mitochondrial function
  • Adipose tissue biology

Background:

  • Adaptive thermogenesis relies on coordinated mitochondrial oxidation and metabolic shifts.
  • The precise signals coordinating these processes remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the role of copper importer CTR1 in adaptive thermogenesis.
  • Determine how CTR1 influences energy expenditure and thermogenic capacity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized adipocyte-specific Ctr1 knockout (ACKO) mice and brown adipose tissue-specific Ctr1 knockout (BCKO) mice.
  • Performed proteomic analysis of brown adipose tissue.
  • Assessed energy expenditure, cold tolerance, and lipolytic activation.

Main Results:

  • Cold exposure and beta3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) stimulation upregulate CTR1 and copper (Cu) in thermogenic adipose tissues.
  • ACKO mice showed reduced energy expenditure and severe hypothermia.
  • Cu deficiency impaired oxidative phosphorylation, thermogenic programs, and lipolytic activation, including HSL phosphorylation.

Conclusions:

  • CTR1-dependent copper import is an inducible part of the β3-adrenergic thermogenic program.
  • Intracellular copper availability is a key factor in thermogenic capacity during adaptive thermogenesis.
  • Elesclomol treatment partially restored mitochondrial function and improved cold tolerance in ACKO mice.