[Analysis of complicating factors in endodontic microsurgery]

Endodontic microsurgery (EMS) can handle challenging endodontic cases effectively. However, the complexity and postoperative outcome of EMS are closely related to multiple factors such as the patient's general condition, the affected tooth, and the surrounding anatomical structures. This article draws on international and domestic medical standards, including the American Society of Anesthesiologists, the American Association of Endodontists, the World Health Organization, and the expert consensus on the assessment of root canal treatment difficulty in China. Based on the basic principles, procedures, and anatomical data of EMS, combined with long-term clinical experience, clinical epidemio-logy, and evidence-based medicine, this article analyzes the difficult and complex factors of EMS cases. This work aims to provide references for treatment decisions, doctor-patient communication, application and promotion, clinical tea-ching, and hierarchical referral in EMS.