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Related Concept Videos

Magnetic Resonance Imaging01:24

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...
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Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease
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Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease

Published on: December 18, 2016

Qualitative and quantitative hard-tissue MRI with portable Halbach scanners.

Jose Borreguero1, Luiz G C Santos2, Lorena Vega Cid2

  • 1Institute for Molecular Imaging and Instrumentation (i3M), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) and Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), 46022, Valencia, Spain. pepe.morata@i3m.upv.es.

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|June 15, 2026
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Summary

This study shows low-cost, portable MRI can image soft and hard tissues using zero echo time (ZTE) imaging. This technology enables detailed visualization of musculoskeletal structures, improving accessibility for medical diagnostics.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Medical Imaging
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Background:

  • Standard MRI struggles with imaging hard tissues like bone and cartilage.
  • Low-field, portable MRI systems offer potential for increased accessibility but face challenges with field inhomogeneities.
  • Zero Echo Time (ZTE) imaging is promising for visualizing tissues typically missed by conventional MRI sequences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate in-vivo imaging and quantitative relaxation mapping of soft and hard tissues using a low-cost, portable MRI scanner.
  • To establish methodological foundations for artifact-mitigated ZTE imaging in low-field systems with field inhomogeneities.
  • To broaden the feasibility of pulse sequences in portable low-field MRI for musculoskeletal imaging.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a framework for artifact-mitigated ZTE imaging, including RF pulse calibration, an extended single-point double-shot (SPDS) protocol for simultaneous T1 and T2 mapping, and model-based reconstruction.
  • Performed ZTE imaging and variable flip angle (VFA) T1 mapping on phantoms and in-vivo human knees and ankles.
  • Benchmarked optimized PETRA sequence against standard RARE and STIR acquisitions.

Main Results:

  • Optimized PETRA sequence produced 3D images of knees and ankles in under 5 minutes, revealing hard tissues like ligaments, tendons, cartilage, and bone.
  • Extended SPDS method enabled T2 mapping, and VFA approach provided the first in-vivo T1 measurements of hard tissues at 0.064 Tesla.
  • Demonstrated visualization of structures usually not visible with standard MRI sequences.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed framework enables artifact-mitigated ZTE imaging and quantitative mapping in portable low-field MRI systems.
  • ZTE imaging holds significant potential for quantitative and structural imaging of musculoskeletal tissues in affordable Halbach-based systems.
  • This advancement broadens the application of portable MRI for detailed anatomical assessment.