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Urinary Bladder

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...

Imaging Studies II: Ultrasonography

Imaging Studies II: Ultrasonography

IntroductionUltrasonography, or renal ultrasound, is a noninvasive medical imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and surrounding tissues.Indications for Urinary System UltrasonographyUrinary system ultrasonography is indicated in various clinical scenarios, such as:Kidney Stones (Urolithiasis): To detect and monitor the size and presence of kidney or urinary tract stones.Hydronephrosis: To assess the dilation of the renal pelvis and...

Imaging Studies I: Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder Studies

Imaging Studies I: Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder Studies

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) StudiesKidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) studies are standard diagnostic imaging procedures used to assess the anatomy of the urinary system. They are commonly utilized for patients experiencing abdominal pain or urinary symptoms. By using a simple X-ray of the abdomen, KUB studies can reveal structural and pathological abnormalities within the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. These studies are particularly valuable in diagnosing kidney stones, urinary...

Imaging Studies IV: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Imaging Studies IV: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Introduction:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or MRI, can include a specialized imaging technique of the urinary system known as Magnetic Resonance Urography (MRU). This radiation-free technique uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images with the help of a computer. MRU is particularly effective for visualizing fluid-filled structures like the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.Applications of MRI in the Genitourinary SystemKidneys and Ureters: MRI detects tumors, cysts,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Ultrasonography of the Adult Male Urinary Tract for Urinary Functional Testing

Ultrasonography of the Adult Male Urinary Tract for Urinary Functional Testing

Published on: August 14, 2019

Redefining bladder sympathetic Innervation with three-dimensional image reconstruction.

Xiaoji Zhou¹, Mingming Xu¹, Bin Chen¹

¹Department of Orthopedics, Wuxi Huishan District People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xinglin College of Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China.

Scientific Reports

|June 15, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study created a 3D map of sympathetic nerves in the bladder, revealing denser innervation in specific areas like the bladder neck. This anatomical insight could guide new treatments for spinal cord injury-related bladder dysfunction.

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Area of Science:

Urology
Neuroscience
Anatomy

Background:

Functional bladder reconstruction aims to restore voiding after spinal cord injury (SCI).
Sympathetic nerves are key factors influencing voiding resistance.
Understanding bladder sympathetic innervation is crucial for treating SCI-induced bladder dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

To generate a three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of bladder-innervating sympathetic nervous tissue.
To map the distribution and density of sympathetic nerves within the human bladder.
To provide an anatomical basis for potential nerve-targeting therapies for SCI-related bladder dysfunction.

Main Methods:

Utilized histopathological samples from four formalin-fixed cadavers (two male, two female).
Prepared axial cross-sections of bladder tissue at 4 mm intervals.
Stained tissues with Tyrosine-hydroxylase and measured sympathetic nerve site distance, number, and density.

Main Results:

The densest sympathetic innervation was found at the bladder neck (females) and prostatic urethra (males).
Nerve density was significantly higher in the posterior compared to the anterior regions of the proximal urethra and bladder neck for both sexes.
No significant differences in nerve-to-lumen distances were observed across anatomical regions.

Conclusions:

Novel 3D reconstruction of bladder sympathetic nerve distribution is feasible.
This approach refines understanding of human bladder innervation.
The generated sympathetic nerve map offers a preliminary anatomical basis for exploring nerve-targeting radiofrequency therapies for bladder dysfunction post-SCI.