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Related Concept Videos

The Z-Scheme of Electron Transport in Photosynthesis01:34

The Z-Scheme of Electron Transport in Photosynthesis

The light reactions of photosynthesis assume a linear flow of electrons from water to NADP+. During this process, light energy drives the splitting of water molecules to produce oxygen. However, oxidation of water molecules is a thermodynamically unfavorable reaction and requires a strong oxidizing agent. This is accomplished by the first product of light reactions: oxidized P680 (or P680+), the most powerful oxidizing agent known in biology. The oxidized P680 that acquires an electron from the...
Photosystem I01:27

Photosystem I

Although structurally similar to photosystem II (PSII), photosystem I (PSI) is has a different electron supplier and electron acceptor.
Both these photosystems work in concert. An excited electron from PSII is relayed to PSI via an electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast, which is comprised of the carrier molecule plastoquinone, the dual-protein cytochrome complex, and plastocyanin. As electrons move between PSII and PSI, they lose energy and must be re-energized...
Photosystem II01:22

Photosystem II

The multi-protein complex photosystem II (PS II) harvests photons and transfers their energy through its bound pigments to its reaction center, and ultimately to photosystem I (PSI) through the electron transport chain. The pigments responsible for caputirng the light energy in photosystems include chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids.
The pigment molecules are arranged across  two photosystem domains — the antenna complex and the reaction center. The main aim of the pigment molecules...
Electron Transport Chain Components01:29

Electron Transport Chain Components

The electron transport chain (ETC) is a crucial metabolic pathway that facilitates energy conversion in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotes, the ETC comprises four membrane-associated protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. In prokaryotes, the ETC in the plasma membrane can vary in composition, with fewer or different complexes depending on the organism and environmental conditions. These complexes transfer electrons from electron donors, such as NADH and FADH2, to...
The Photochemical Reaction Center01:29

The Photochemical Reaction Center

Reaction centers are pigment-protein complexes that initiate energy conversion from photons to chemical entities. Therefore, photochemical reaction center is a more appropriate term that describes these complexes. The Nobel laureates Robert Emerson and William Arnold provided the first experimental evidence of photochemical reaction centers by demonstrating the participation of nearly 2,500 chlorophyll molecules for the release of just one molecule of oxygen. Despite thousands of photosynthetic...
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Energy to Drive Translocation

Mitochondrial protein import is powered by two distinct energy sources: ATP hydrolysis and electrochemical potential across the inner membrane. Newly synthesized precursors are bound by cytosolic chaperones of the Hsp70 family, which guide them to the import receptors on the mitochondrial surface. Utilizing the energy of ATP hydrolysis, Hsp70 chaperones transfer these precursors to the TOM receptors on the mitochondrial outer membrane.
Generally, polypeptides are unfolded by two distinct...

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An Integrated System to Remotely Trigger Intracellular Signal Transduction by Upconversion Nanoparticle-mediated Kinase Photoactivation
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Defining Rational Photoelectron Routing for Targeted Intracellular Energy Transfer.

Hao Wang1,2, Jialu Li2, Yuhua Feng1

  • 1Technology Innovation Center For Marine Ecology and Human Factor Assessment of Natural Resources Ministry, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, P. R. China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|June 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces riboflavin to enhance microbial artificial photosynthesis by selectively boosting NADPH regeneration. This improves light-driven biomanufacturing efficiency and metabolite production.

Keywords:
NADPH regenerationbiocatalysiselectron transferenergy conversionmicrobial artificial photosynthesisriboflavinsynthetic biology

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Synthetic Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Microbial artificial photosynthesis (MAP) is key for light-driven biomanufacturing.
  • Current MAP efficiency is limited by non-selective electron conversion, leading to energy loss.
  • Selective channeling of photonic energy into usable reducing power is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a strategy for selective intracellular NADPH regeneration using riboflavin (RF).
  • To enhance the efficiency of light-driven biomanufacturing processes.
  • To establish a broadly applicable framework for artificial photosynthesis.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized riboflavin (RF) as a membrane-permeable photosensitizer.
  • Employed quantum chemical calculations and spectroscopic analyses to study RF-NADP+ interactions.
  • Performed in vivo experiments, transcriptomic analysis, and inhibition studies in microbial chassis.

Main Results:

  • Light-excited RF selectively binds and transfers electrons to NADP+, enhancing intracellular NADPH levels.
  • RF activation boosted the synthesis of NADPH-dependent metabolites via NADPH reductase pathways.
  • Mechanism confirmed to be selective for NADP+/NADPH redox enzymes, independent of G6PDH flux and largely unaffected NADH pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Riboflavin provides a mechanistically defined strategy for directing photogenerated electrons into NADPH regeneration.
  • This approach enhances efficiency in NADPH-dependent biomanufacturing across various microbial systems.
  • The framework supports the development of more efficient artificial photosynthetic and bioelectrochemical platforms.