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Updated: Jun 17, 2026

A Contusive Model of Unilateral Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Using the Infinite Horizon Impactor
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The AO Spine Upper Cervical Injury Score (UCIS): Development of a Consensus-Based Scoring System Based on Perceived

Gregory D Schroeder1, Jonathan Dalton1, Mitchell K Ng2

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Global Spine Journal
|June 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary

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This summary is machine-generated.

The new AO Spine Upper Cervical Injury Score (UCIS) provides a simplified, clinically applicable scoring system for upper cervical spine trauma. Developed from global surgeon consensus, it complements the existing AO Spine Upper Cervical Injury Classification (UCIC) system.

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Neurosurgery
  • Trauma Surgery

Background:

  • Existing upper cervical spine trauma classifications lack clinical decision-making guidance.
  • The AO Spine Upper Cervical Injury Classification (UCIC) system is comprehensive but lacks an injury score.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Develop the AO Spine Upper Cervical Injury Score (UCIS).
  • Base the score on global perceived injury severity scores (ISS).
  • Create a clinically applicable tool to aid decision-making for upper cervical spine injuries.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a cross-sectional, survey-based study involving 159 surgeons globally.
  • Surgeons assigned perceived ISS to AO Spine UCIC variables based on surgical stabilization needs.
  • Translated median ISS values into an integer-based scoring system.
Keywords:
AO spineglobal consensusinjury severityupper cervical injury score

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Main Results:

  • Assigned points to injury morphology (e.g., Type A=1, Type IIB=5, Type IC=7).
  • Scored neurologic status (N0=0, N1/N2=1, N3/4=6, NX=3).
  • Weighted modifiers: M1/M3=3 points, M2=4 points.

Conclusions:

  • The AO Spine UCIS is a simplified scoring system reflecting global consensus on injury severity.
  • The score demonstrates minimal geographic or experiential variability in ratings.
  • UCIS complements the AO Spine UCIC system, aiding future treatment algorithm development for upper cervical spine injuries.