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Related Concept Videos

Observational Learning01:12

Observational Learning

Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning because...
Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a bonus...
Piaget's Stage 1 of Cognitive Development01:14

Piaget's Stage 1 of Cognitive Development

The sensorimotor stage, the initial phase of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, spans the first two years of a child's life. During this period, infants actively engage with their surroundings, building cognitive awareness through direct interaction with the world. This interaction is primarily based on sensory perception and motor actions, allowing infants to gradually understand basic physical properties and predict how objects interact within their environment.
Exploration...
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
Associative Learning01:27

Associative Learning

Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...
Piaget's Stage 2 of Cognitive Development01:14

Piaget's Stage 2 of Cognitive Development

The preoperational stage, the second of Jean Piaget's four stages of cognitive development, spans approximately ages 2 to 7 and is characterized by the emergence of symbolic thinking. During this stage, children use language, images, and symbols to represent objects and concepts, enabling them to engage in imaginative and pretend play. This symbolic thinking supports children's ability to perform make-believe actions, such as imagining a broom as a horse or their hand as a phone, blending...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Gaze in Action: Head-mounted Eye Tracking of Children's Dynamic Visual Attention During Naturalistic Behavior
07:09

Gaze in Action: Head-mounted Eye Tracking of Children's Dynamic Visual Attention During Naturalistic Behavior

Published on: November 14, 2018

Toddlers' Active Gaze Behavior Supports Self-Supervised Object Learning.

Zhengyang Yu1,2, Arthur Aubret1,2, Marcel C Raabe1

  • 1Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt, Hessen, Germany.

Developmental Science
|June 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Toddlers rapidly learn object recognition using their natural eye movements to guide visual input. This active gaze strategy, combined with a limited high-acuity visual field, is crucial for developing robust object representations.

Keywords:
computer visioneye trackinggaze behaviorobject recognitionself‐ supervised learningslowness learning

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Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Gaze in Action: Head-mounted Eye Tracking of Children's Dynamic Visual Attention During Naturalistic Behavior
07:09

Gaze in Action: Head-mounted Eye Tracking of Children's Dynamic Visual Attention During Naturalistic Behavior

Published on: November 14, 2018

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Defining the Role Of Language in Infants' Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms

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11:18

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental psychology
  • Computational neuroscience
  • Machine learning

Background:

  • Toddlers develop object recognition with minimal supervision.
  • Eye and head movements shape visual experience during learning.
  • The role of these movements in object recognition is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how toddlers' eye and head movements contribute to object recognition.
  • To model the development of invariant object recognition using toddlers' visual experience.

Main Methods:

  • Head-mounted eye tracking during dyadic play to capture first-person visual experience.
  • Unsupervised machine learning with a biologically plausible learning objective.
  • Simulation of alternative gaze behaviors to assess their impact.

Main Results:

  • A few minutes of first-person visual experience are sufficient for learning strong object representations.
  • Toddlers' natural eye movement patterns are crucial for effective learning.
  • The limited size of the high-acuity central visual field aids learning.

Conclusions:

  • Temporally structured visual experience from natural interactions enhances learning.
  • Active gaze strategies and the visual field's structure are vital for toddlers' object recognition development.
  • Self-supervised learning models can effectively replicate toddlers' learning processes.