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Related Concept Videos

Hemoglobin01:24

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is a globular protein made up of four subunits. Two of these subunits are alpha chains, and the other two are beta chains. Each subunit contains a molecule of heme, which has an iron atom and can bind to oxygen. When an oxygen molecule binds to one heme group, it changes the shape of hemoglobin, making it easier for the other heme groups to bind oxygen as well.
When all four heme groups are bound to oxygen, the resulting molecule is called oxyhemoglobin. As a result, arterial blood...
Oxygen Transport in the Blood01:27

Oxygen Transport in the Blood

Hemoglobin (Hb) is a crucial molecule in the human body, consisting of four polypeptide chains, each bound to an iron-containing heme group. This unique structure enables hemoglobin to bind to oxygen, with each molecule capable of combining with four molecules of oxygen, leading to rapid and reversible oxygen loading. When fully loaded with oxygen, it is called oxyhemoglobin, while hemoglobin that has released oxygen is called reduced hemoglobin or deoxyhemoglobin. As hemoglobin binds oxygen,...
Electron Carriers01:24

Electron Carriers

Electron carriers can be thought of as electron shuttles. These compounds can easily accept electrons (i.e., be reduced) or lose them (i.e., be oxidized). They play an essential role in energy production because cellular respiration is contingent on the flow of electrons.
Over the many stages of cellular respiration, glucose breaks down into carbon dioxide and water. Electron carriers pick up electrons lost by glucose in these reactions, temporarily storing and releasing them into the electron...
Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox property is crucial in...
Respiration and Gaseous Exchange01:20

Respiration and Gaseous Exchange

The intricate interplay between the cardiovascular and respiratory systems is crucial for efficiently transporting respiratory gases throughout the body. Let us explore the cardiovascular system's multifaceted functions, emphasizing its pivotal role in gas exchange.
Respiration involves the exchange of gases, especially oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), between the alveoli and body cells, a process facilitated by blood circulation. As a result, the cardiovascular system, which involves the...
Hypoxia01:23

Hypoxia

Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
Types of Hypoxia
There are four primary types of hypoxia, each resulting from a different cause:
1. Anemic hypoxia: This type occurs due to insufficient oxygen delivery caused by a lack of red blood cells (RBCs) or RBCs with abnormal or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Synthesis, Hemoglobin Encapsulation and Biorthogonal PEGylation in Hierarchically Porous UiO-66 Nanoparticles for Oxygen Delivery Applications
09:24

Synthesis, Hemoglobin Encapsulation and Biorthogonal PEGylation in Hierarchically Porous UiO-66 Nanoparticles for Oxygen Delivery Applications

Published on: May 8, 2026

Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers with antioxidant properties.

Tanmay Salvi1, Asim Khan1, Peyton Dickerson1

  • 1William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. palmer.351@osu.edu.

Journal of Materials Chemistry. B
|June 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Polydopamine coating enhances antioxidant properties of polymerized hemoglobin (PolyHb) for potential use as oxygen carriers. Further research is needed to optimize oxygen transport characteristics.

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Exploring Alternative Perfusion Solutions Using Next-Generation Polymerized Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers in a Model of Rat Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion
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Exploring Alternative Perfusion Solutions Using Next-Generation Polymerized Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers in a Model of Rat Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion

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Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Synthesis, Hemoglobin Encapsulation and Biorthogonal PEGylation in Hierarchically Porous UiO-66 Nanoparticles for Oxygen Delivery Applications
09:24

Synthesis, Hemoglobin Encapsulation and Biorthogonal PEGylation in Hierarchically Porous UiO-66 Nanoparticles for Oxygen Delivery Applications

Published on: May 8, 2026

Exploring Alternative Perfusion Solutions Using Next-Generation Polymerized Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers in a Model of Rat Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion
09:47

Exploring Alternative Perfusion Solutions Using Next-Generation Polymerized Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers in a Model of Rat Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion

Published on: June 14, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Biochemistry
  • Medical Therapeutics

Background:

  • Hemoglobin (Hb)-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) are explored for hemorrhagic shock treatment when red blood cells are unavailable.
  • Oxidative damage post-hemorrhagic shock resuscitation necessitates HBOCs with antioxidant capabilities.
  • Previous work demonstrated polydopamine (PDA) coating imparts antioxidant properties to Hb without compromising oxygen transport.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of PDA coating on tense (T-) and relaxed (R-) state polymerized human hemoglobin (PolyHb).
  • To evaluate the antioxidant properties and oxygen transport characteristics of PDA-coated PolyHb.
  • To assess the potential of PDA-coated PolyHb as an improved oxygen carrier therapeutic.

Main Methods:

  • Coating of T- and R-state PolyHb with polydopamine (PDA).
  • Assessment of antioxidant properties including reducing power, radical scavenging, ferryl oxidation, and catalase activity.
  • Evaluation of oxygen transport properties, auto-oxidation rates, hydrodynamic diameter, and thermal stability.

Main Results:

  • PDA coating of T- and R-state PolyHb significantly reduced methemoglobin formation.
  • PDA-coated PolyHb exhibited enhanced antioxidant activities.
  • PDA coating led to higher auto-oxidation rates and slight increases in hydrodynamic diameter, with moderate decreases in thermal stability for both T- and R-state PolyHb.

Conclusions:

  • PDA-coated T- and R-state PolyHb demonstrate promising antioxidant properties for potential use as oxygen carriers.
  • Further optimization is required to mitigate alterations in oxygen transport properties observed after PDA coating.