Related Concept Videos
01:57Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts
Groups of proteins may form a complex where each protein in this complex has a different role in the overall execution of the complex’s function. Often some of the proteins in the complex can be replaced by a closely related variant to give a complex that contains many of the same components yet is functionally distinct.
The SCF ubiquitin ligase is a protein complex of five individual proteins. This complex attaches ubiquitin to other target proteins to mark them for degradation. In order to...
The SCF ubiquitin ligase is a protein complex of five individual proteins. This complex attaches ubiquitin to other target proteins to mark them for degradation. In order to...
02:57DNA-only Transposons
DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
02:13Overview of Transposition and Recombination
Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
01:24Transposons
Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
02:53Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation
Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
01:58Mechanical Protein Functions
Proteins perform many mechanical functions in a cell. These proteins can be classified into two general categories- proteins that generate mechanical forces and proteins that are subjected to mechanical forces. Proteins providing mechanical support to the structure of the cell, such as keratin, are subjected to mechanical force, whereas proteins involved in cell movement and transport of molecules across cell membranes, such as an ion pump, are examples of generating mechanical force.
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Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 17, 2026
12:34
Adenofection: A Method for Studying the Role of Molecular Chaperones in Cellular Morphodynamics by Depletion-Rescue Experiments
Published on: September 16, 2016
Functional group translocation: moving functionalities without changing molecular scaffolds.
Eito Moriya1, Junichiro Yamaguchi1
1Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan. junyamaguchi@waseda.jp.
Chemical Society Reviews
|June 16, 2026
Summary
Functional group translocation enables direct synthesis of positional isomers, crucial for drug discovery and materials science. This molecular editing strategy bypasses traditional inefficient routes, offering new possibilities in chemical synthesis.
Area of Science:
- Organic Chemistry
- Synthetic Chemistry
Background:
- Functional group position critically impacts molecular properties and biological activity.
- Synthesizing positional isomers traditionally requires inefficient, independent synthetic pathways.
- Positional isomers are vital for drug discovery and materials chemistry.
Purpose of the Study:
- To define and review functional group translocation reactions.
- To differentiate translocation from other isomerization processes.
- To highlight recent advances and future directions in the field.
Main Methods:
- Review of recent literature on functional group translocation.
- Categorization of reactions by molecular scaffold, functional group, and migration distance.
- Emphasis on transition metal catalysis and photoredox chemistry.
Main Results:
- Functional group translocation allows direct relocation of functional groups within a molecule.
- These reactions offer a concise strategy for accessing positional isomers from common precursors.
- Advances enable these transformations beyond classical stoichiometric methods.
Conclusions:
- Functional group translocation is a powerful synthetic tool for accessing positional isomers.
- This methodology streamlines synthesis for drug discovery and materials science.
- Further research can expand capabilities in synthesis and applications.