MXene-based protective strategy for diabetic gingival wound healing: shielding fibroblasts from oxidative stress

The bidirectional association between diabetes mellitus (DM) and periodontitis remains a major focus in oral and systemic health research. DM is a key risk factor influencing the onset, progression, and severity of periodontitis, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying this relationship are not fully understood. Periodontitis is characterized by bacterial biofilm formation and a destructive host immune-inflammatory response. In this study, we explored the therapeutic potential of Ti₃C₂T_x MXene, a two-dimensional nanomaterial, for enhancing gingival wound healing under diabetic conditions. Ti₃C₂T_x MXene treatment of fibroblast cells derived from diabetic rat gingival tissue modulated oxidative stress and restored glutathione balance. The material exhibited significant biocompatibility, preserved mitochondrial membrane potential, and reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Moreover, Ti₃C₂T_x MXene influenced lipid peroxidation and cytochrome c release, contributing to controlled caspase activation and balanced apoptotic responses. These results suggest that Ti₃C₂T_x MXene supports cellular and mitochondrial homeostasis, promoting improved wound repair in diabetic gingiva. Collectively, this study presents the first evidence of Ti₃C₂T_x MXene as a promising nanotherapeutic platform for managing diabetic oral wounds and potentially other chronic wounds, paving the way for future applications in nano-enabled topical formulations and interdisciplinary oral healthcare strategies.