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Related Concept Videos

Role of Hippocampus in Memory01:19

Role of Hippocampus in Memory

The hippocampus, a critical brain structure, plays an essential role in memory processing, particularly in the formation and retrieval of memory. This small, seahorse-shaped region is located within the medial temporal lobe, with one hippocampus in each brain hemisphere. Experimental studies involving lesions in the hippocampi of rats have demonstrated significant impairments in tasks such as object recognition and maze navigation, indicating the hippocampus involvement in both recognition and...
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Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Alzheimer disease involves structural changes in the brain that begin long before symptoms appear. The most distinctive features are extracellular neuritic plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.Neuritic plaques form in the cerebral cortex and around blood vessels. These plaques contain a dense core of beta-amyloid (Aβ)—a toxic protein fragment that clumps outside neurons. The core is surrounded by damaged neuronal extensions, as well as reactive astrocytes and microglia. Abnormal...
Dementia l: Introduction01:22

Dementia l: Introduction

Dementia is an acquired, progressive syndrome characterized by a decline in multiple cognitive domains severe enough to impair daily functioning and reduce independence. Although memory loss is a central feature, the diagnosis requires additional deficits involving language, executive function, visuospatial skills, judgment, calculation, or abstract reasoning. These cognitive impairments reflect underlying neurodegenerative or vascular processes that gradually disrupt neuronal networks...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
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Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
If over time, all...
Long-term Depression01:05

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Investigating Long-term Synaptic Plasticity in Interlamellar Hippocampus CA1 by Electrophysiological Field Recording
14:27

Investigating Long-term Synaptic Plasticity in Interlamellar Hippocampus CA1 by Electrophysiological Field Recording

Published on: August 11, 2019

Hippocampal cytopathology orchestrates post-septic cognitive dysfunction.

Zhilong Cao1, Yongjun Wang2, Xudong Han3

  • 1Department of Intensive Care Unit, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, PR China.

Metabolic Brain Disease
|June 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sepsis can cause cognitive dysfunction by damaging the hippocampus. This review explores sepsis

Keywords:
AstrocytesCognitionHippocampusInflammationMicrogliaNeuronsSepsisSepsis-associated encephalopathy

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Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Investigating Long-term Synaptic Plasticity in Interlamellar Hippocampus CA1 by Electrophysiological Field Recording
14:27

Investigating Long-term Synaptic Plasticity in Interlamellar Hippocampus CA1 by Electrophysiological Field Recording

Published on: August 11, 2019

Investigations on Alterations of Hippocampal Circuit Function Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
10:59

Investigations on Alterations of Hippocampal Circuit Function Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Published on: November 19, 2012

Assessment of Dendritic Arborization in the Dentate Gyrus of the Hippocampal Region in Mice
10:55

Assessment of Dendritic Arborization in the Dentate Gyrus of the Hippocampal Region in Mice

Published on: March 31, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Sepsis-induced cognitive dysfunction is a prevalent clinical condition.
  • The hippocampus is particularly susceptible to sepsis-related damage.
  • Mechanisms linking sepsis, hippocampal pathology, and cognitive deficits require clarification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathological features and mechanisms of blood-brain barrier disruption in sepsis.
  • To examine sepsis' effects on hippocampal neurons and associated molecular pathways.
  • To elucidate the roles of inflammatory cells, microglia, and astrocytes in sepsis-associated cognitive impairment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on sepsis, hippocampus, and cognitive dysfunction.
  • Analysis of pathological characteristics and molecular mechanisms.
  • Synthesis of information on cellular responses (neurons, glia, inflammatory cells).

Main Results:

  • Sepsis disrupts the blood-brain barrier, affecting hippocampal tissue.
  • Neuronal and oligodendrocyte death, synaptic pruning, and reactive astrogliosis are key pathological events.
  • Peripheral and central immune responses significantly contribute to brain damage.

Conclusions:

  • Sepsis triggers complex pathological cascades in the hippocampus, leading to cognitive dysfunction.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing targeted therapies.
  • This review provides a framework for exploring therapeutic strategies against sepsis-associated cognitive impairment.