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Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems01:23

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...

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Three Different Protocols of Corneal Collagen Crosslinking in Keratoconus: Conventional, Accelerated and Iontophoresis
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Core Oculoplastic Procedure Skills for the Comprehensive Ophthalmologist: A Consensus by Delphi Methodology.

Olivia N DiGioia1, Erin M Shriver2, Pavlina S Kemp2

  • 1University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine; and.

Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
|June 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A Delphi consensus study identified 13 essential oculoplastic procedures for graduating ophthalmology residents. This list aids in developing core competencies for ophthalmology residency training.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Medical Education
  • Surgical Training

Background:

  • Oculoplastic procedures are a key component of ophthalmology training.
  • Defining a standardized scope of practice for graduating residents is crucial for consistent surgical competency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To achieve consensus on essential oculoplastic procedures for graduating ophthalmology residents.
  • To establish a foundational list for ophthalmology residency curriculum development.

Main Methods:

  • A Delphi methodology survey was employed with 34 ophthalmologists.
  • Online surveys (Qualtrics) were used over three rounds to gather expert opinions.
  • Consensus was defined by ≥80% agreement, an average Likert score of ≥4, or a Cronbach's alpha > 0.8.

Main Results:

  • An initial list of 28 oculoplastic procedures was evaluated.
  • A final list of 13 scope-appropriate oculoplastic procedures was generated through expert consensus.
  • Response rates remained high across all survey rounds (91.2% for round 1, 82.3% for rounds 2 and 3).

Conclusions:

  • A consensus-based list of 13 oculoplastic procedures was established for ophthalmology residency graduates.
  • This list can inform the development of oculoplastic-specific competencies and curricula.
  • Further validation is recommended before isolated implementation in training programs.