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Multi-Class Pharmaceutical Profiling Along an Urbanization Gradient in a Tropical Megacity River: Evidence for
Wulan Koagouw1, Riyana Subandi2, Rina Adriany3
1Research Center for Biota Systems, National Research and Innovation Agency - Republic of Indonesia, KST Soekarno, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km.46, Cibinong, Indonesia.
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
|June 16, 2026
Summary
Pharmaceutical pollution in Jakarta
Area of Science:
- Environmental Chemistry
- Aquatic Toxicology
- Water Quality Management
Background:
- Urban pharmaceutical pollution poses risks to aquatic ecosystems and human health.
- Tropical watersheds are understudied regarding pharmaceutical contamination.
- Jakarta's Ciliwung River faces significant pollution challenges.
Purpose of the Study:
- To diagnose cumulative pharmaceutical loading in Jakarta's Ciliwung River using a gradient-based approach.
- To establish a baseline for pharmaceutical contamination in a highly urbanized tropical watershed.
- To identify potential sentinel indicators for pharmaceutical pollution.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of 53 pharmaceutical compounds across eight sampling sites.
- Detection and quantification of 13 pharmaceuticals, including antibiotics, analgesics, cardiovascular agents, and iodinated contrast media (ICMs).
- Gradient analysis to assess downstream concentration trends and identify cumulative loading patterns.
Main Results:
- Significant downstream increase in pooled pharmaceutical concentrations (R² = 0.209, p < 0.001).
- Gabapentin exhibited the strongest cumulative gradient (R² = 0.895, p < 0.001), indicating it as a potential sentinel indicator.
- Eleven compounds showed monotonic downstream increases, suggesting cumulative loading and limited attenuation.
- Localized spikes of diclofenac and metronidazole indicated point-source inputs.
Conclusions:
- The study establishes a critical baseline for pharmaceutical pollution in the Ciliwung River.
- Findings highlight the need for monitoring and source-control strategies in tropical megacities with limited wastewater treatment.
- Gabapentin is proposed as a candidate sentinel indicator for future pharmaceutical pollution studies.
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