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Related Concept Videos

Dysrhythmias VI: Management of Dysrhythmias01:25

Dysrhythmias VI: Management of Dysrhythmias

Dysrhythmia management involves a multifaceted approach, incorporating pharmacological treatments, medical procedures, surgical interventions, lifestyle modifications, and patient education.Pharmacological ManagementAntiarrhythmic Drugs:Class I (Sodium Channel Blockers): This class includes quinidine and procainamide, which reduce the speed of impulse conduction in the heart, stabilize the cardiac membrane, and control arrhythmias. Quinidine and procainamide are Class IA agents that prolong the...
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Managing cardiomyopathy involves addressing underlying or precipitating causes, treating heart failure with medications, and implementing dietary changes and a balanced exercise and rest regimen.Lifestyle ModificationsCardiomyopathy patients should adopt a low-sodium diet to reduce fluid retention and manage heart failure. A personalized exercise and rest plan helps maintain physical fitness without overstraining the heart. Avoiding alcohol and tobacco is essential to prevent further damage to...
Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy01:29

Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation. It is more common in men and is typically diagnosed in young, athletic adults.EtiologyHCM is primarily genetic and is caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Researchers have identified over 1400 mutations across at least 11 different genes. Among these, the most frequently occurring mutations are found in the...
Pulse rhythm01:30

Pulse rhythm

Pulse rhythm refers to the pattern of pulsations within specific intervals, offering valuable insights into the regularity or irregularity of the heart's beats as observed through the pattern of pulsation within specific intervals. A regular pulse exhibits a consistent heart rate with uniform waveforms and pulsation force, variations of which can be classified as normal, weak, or bounding.
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Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy01:30

Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Dilated cardiomyopathy, or DCM, is a progressive myocardial disorder characterized by ventricular chamber dilation and contractile dysfunction.EtiologyVarious factors can cause DCM, including hypertension and heavy alcohol intake, which contribute to the weakening and enlargement of the heart muscle. Viral infections, such as Coxsackievirus B, adenoviruses, and influenza, can lead to DCM by causing inflammation and damage to heart tissue. Certain chemotherapeutic agents, including daunorubicin,...
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ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...

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Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Sterile Pericarditis in Aachener Minipigs As a Model for Atrial Myopathy and Atrial Fibrillation
08:56

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Published on: September 24, 2021

Pacemaker Therapy: Indications and Recommendations.

Howard Lanney1, Yijia Hu2, Sydney C Karnovsky3

  • 1Department of Family Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.

American Family Physician
|June 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pacemakers are implantable devices that treat slow heart rhythms and heart failure by monitoring and stimulating the heart. Cardiac resynchronization therapy using biventricular pacemakers improves outcomes in select heart failure patients.

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Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Pacemakers are crucial implantable cardiac devices for managing bradycardia and heart failure.
  • They function by monitoring heart electrical signals and delivering stimuli to induce contractions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the therapeutic applications of pacemakers, including standard pacing and biventricular pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT).
  • To highlight the benefits of CRT in specific heart failure patient populations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of pacemaker functionality and indications for permanent pacemaker implantation.
  • Description of biventricular pacing and its role in CRT for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, left bundle branch block, and prolonged QRS duration.

Main Results:

  • Permanent pacemaker therapy improves symptoms and quality of life in patients with symptomatic bradycardia or asymptomatic infranodal atrioventricular block.
  • CRT effectively improves outcomes, including mortality, in carefully selected heart failure patients.

Conclusions:

  • Pacemakers are essential for treating various cardiac conditions, enhancing patient quality of life and survival.
  • Coordination between family physicians and cardiologists is vital to manage potential interferences from medical procedures like MRI and electrocautery.