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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
26:48

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Published on: July 4, 2007

Long-Term Outcomes in Antibody-Negative Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Prachi Mohapatra1, Meena Chandu1, Pradeep Kumar2

  • 1Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; and.

Neurology. Clinical Practice
|June 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Seronegative autoimmune encephalitis (AE) outcomes vary by subtype, with antibody-negative limbic encephalitis showing better recovery than antibody-negative probable AE. Patients face comparable functional outcomes but higher seizure risks compared to seropositive AE.

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Published on: September 9, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Clinical Neuroscience

Background:

  • Seronegative autoimmune encephalitis (AE) lacks defined neuronal autoantibodies, posing diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.
  • Long-term outcomes for seronegative AE patients receiving immunotherapy are not well-established.
  • Understanding prognosis is crucial for managing this complex neurological condition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and meta-analyze long-term outcomes in seronegative AE.
  • To evaluate functional status, seizure burden, cognitive impairment, and relapse rates.
  • To identify prognostic indicators and analyze immunotherapy practices in seronegative AE.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review and meta-analysis of 19 studies including patients diagnosed with antibody-negative probable AE (ANPRA) or limbic encephalitis (LE).
  • Inclusion criteria required a minimum 6-month follow-up period.
  • Data synthesis focused on functional outcomes (modified Rankin Scale), seizure persistence, and relapse rates.

Main Results:

  • Overall, 65% of seronegative AE patients achieved favorable functional outcomes (mRS 0-2).
  • Seronegative LE showed better recovery (73%) than ANPRA (47%).
  • Seronegative AE patients had comparable functional outcomes to seropositive AE but a higher risk of persistent seizures (1.66 RR) and a 17% relapse rate.

Conclusions:

  • Seronegative AE outcomes are heterogeneous, with antibody-negative LE faring better than ANPRA.
  • Elevated seizure burden and subtype variability necessitate individualized patient management.
  • Timely diagnosis, structured follow-up, and prospective research are essential for improving seronegative AE care.