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Updated: Jun 18, 2026

A Murine Orthotopic Bladder Tumor Model and Tumor Detection System

A Murine Orthotopic Bladder Tumor Model and Tumor Detection System

Published on: January 12, 2017

Machine-learning-assisted artificial olfactory colorimetric sensor array for bladder cancer early detection from

Yiquan Xiong¹, Jun Xiao², Lanyu Jing³

¹Dongguan Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Science for Advanced Materials and Large-Scale Scientific Facilities, School of Physical Sciences, Great Bay University, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523000, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute for Advanced Materials, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.

Biosensors & Bioelectronics

|June 16, 2026

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Summary

A novel artificial olfactory sensor array detects bladder cancer (BC) non-invasively using urinary volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Machine learning analysis of the sensor’s color changes shows high accuracy for early BC screening.

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Analytical Chemistry
Oncology

Background:

Non-invasive bladder cancer (BC) detection remains a significant clinical challenge.
Current diagnostic methods often lack sensitivity for early-stage disease or are invasive.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate a machine-learning-assisted artificial olfactory colorimetric sensor array (CSA) for non-invasive BC screening.
To analyze urinary volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles for BC detection.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of a CSA using electrospun PVDF nanofibrous membranes integrated with eight cross-reactive dyes.
Testing of urine samples from 134 subjects (81 BC patients, 53 controls) using static headspace exposure.
Colorimetric data analysis via Euclidean distance and classification using a multilayer perceptron (MLP) model.

Keywords:

Artificial olfactory sensing Bladder cancer Colorimetric sensor array Electrospun PVDF membrane Machine-learning-assisted development Urinary VOCs

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Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

A Murine Orthotopic Bladder Tumor Model and Tumor Detection System

A Murine Orthotopic Bladder Tumor Model and Tumor Detection System

Published on: January 12, 2017

Main Results:

The MLP model achieved high performance metrics: 0.806 accuracy, 0.913 recall, 0.851 F1-score, and 0.861 AUC.
The CSA demonstrated reduced humidity interference and improved colorimetric reproducibility.
Bromocresol green (Dye 6) was identified as the most influential sensing unit.

Conclusions:

Electrospun CSA-based urinary VOC fingerprinting offers a promising low-cost, non-invasive strategy for BC screening.
The developed sensor array and machine learning approach show significant potential for improving early cancer detection.