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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Gastrulation01:56

Gastrulation

Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata will form...
X-inactivation01:58

X-inactivation

The human X chromosome contains over ten times the number of genes as in the Y chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, and females have two, one might expect females to produce twice as many of the proteins, with undesirable results.
The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes02:45

The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes

In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.  
Normal male Drosophila has a ratio of one X chromosome to two sets of autosomes. In contrast, normal female Drosophila...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...

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Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Stem cell-like Xenopus Embryonic Explants to Study Early Neural Developmental Features In Vitro and In Vivo
11:13

Stem cell-like Xenopus Embryonic Explants to Study Early Neural Developmental Features In Vitro and In Vivo

Published on: February 2, 2016

Direct Reciprocal Repression between Goosecoid and Ventx1.1 Modulates Dorsoventral Patterning in Xenopus.

Basant Kumar1, Zobia Umair2, Seung-Hwan Lee1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Ageing, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do, 24252, Republic of Korea.

Differentiation; Research in Biological Diversity
|June 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Goosecoid (Gsc) and Ventx1.1 genes in Xenopus embryos establish a reciprocal repression circuit via their promoters. This mechanism refines dorsoventral patterning during gastrulation, with Foxd4l1.1 adding further transcriptional control.

Keywords:
GoosecoidPromoter response elementsReciprocal repressionVentx1.1Xenopus laevis

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Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Stem cell-like Xenopus Embryonic Explants to Study Early Neural Developmental Features In Vitro and In Vivo
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Functional Cloning Using a Xenopus Oocyte Expression System
09:40

Functional Cloning Using a Xenopus Oocyte Expression System

Published on: January 30, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Precise embryonic development relies on coordinated gene regulation.
  • Dorsoventral patterning in Xenopus embryos involves antagonistic genes like Goosecoid (Gsc) and Ventx1.1.
  • The cis-regulatory mechanisms behind Gsc and Ventx1.1 reciprocal repression were previously undefined.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the cis-regulatory basis of reciprocal repression between Gsc and Ventx1.1.
  • To identify specific DNA elements involved in this gene interaction.
  • To understand the contribution of this circuit to Xenopus embryonic patterning.

Main Methods:

  • Serial promoter deletions and site-directed mutagenesis in Xenopus.
  • Luciferase reporter assays to quantify gene repression.
  • Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) to assess in vivo binding.

Main Results:

  • Identified a Goosecoid response element (GRE) in the ventx1.1 promoter and Ventx1.1 response elements (VREs) in the gsc promoter.
  • Mutating these elements significantly reduced reciprocal repression.
  • Foxd4l1.1 was found to repress gsc transcription, adding regulatory complexity.

Conclusions:

  • A promoter-level reciprocal repression circuit exists between Gsc and Ventx1.1.
  • This circuitry is crucial for refining dorsoventral patterning in Xenopus gastrulae.
  • Additional transcription factors like Foxd4l1.1 contribute to precise spatial gene expression control.