Physiological metal-based nanoparticles as bioactive agents for antimicrobial activity and wound repair: Strategies...

The emergence of antibiotic resistance calls for the discovery of new compounds and materials that can stem the growth of microorganisms and promote wound healing. Metals have long been used for their antimicrobial properties. However, concerns about the potential side effects of non-physiological metals, such as silver, limit their use in medical applications. This review focuses on physiological metals that are classified as trace elements and more specifically on ultra-trace elements (TEs): cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), and vanadium (V). They are essential for homeostasis in both human beings and microorganisms. Nanoparticles (NPs) based on these TEs exhibit superior properties, including antimicrobials and wound healing capabilities due to various mechanisms. This review presents recent advances on TE NPs and their formulation in hydrogels. Their incorporation into specific hydrogels allows for a controlled release and may achieve antibacterial, anti-fungal, and pro-wound healing synergistic effects, sometimes in a stimuli-responsive approach, without potential adverse effects. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Antibiotic resistance poses a global threat and requires innovative solutions that can combat infections and promote wound healing. This review explores the potential of ultra-trace metal nanoparticles (cobalt, manganese, molybdenum, and vanadium) as antimicrobial agents and wound-healing promoters. Unlike non-physiological metals, such as silver, these trace elements are essential for both human and microbial homeostasis, and reducing toxicity risks. The enhanced antimicrobial and regenerative properties of their nanoparticle forms are discussed here. Hydrogel formulations enable controlled release, thereby optimizing therapeutic effects. This work explores the impact of various factors at each stage of wound healing. It highlights a promising, multifunctional approach to advanced wound care that offers safer alternatives to conventional treatments.