Non-selective and selective autophagy as mediators of mechanical forces

Autophagy is a fundamental cell biological process that controls the quality and quantity of the eukaryotic cytoplasm. Dysfunctional autophagy, when defective or excessive, has been linked to human pathologies. Autophagy can randomly degrade cytoplasmic components in a non-selective manner commonly referred to as bulk autophagy. In contrast, selective forms of autophagy specifically target cytoplasmic structures such as organelles thereby being important for cellular quality control and organelle homeostasis. Recent studies demonstrate the role of bulk and selective autophagy in the integration of physical constraints. Mechanical forces, combine with biochemical signals control the development and the physiological functions of different organs and can also contribute to the progression of various diseases. The aim of this Review is to summarize and discuss our current knowledge on the role of autophagy in regulating a broad range of cellular responses, from morphology, metabolism, to inflammation and senescence, in the context of mechanical forces. Additionally, where relevant, we will also discuss the potential implications of mechanical stress-induced autophagy in pathologies.