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Reported outcome measures in orthognathic surgery: a scoping review
Anant Bakshi1, Hiral Sapa1, Balvinder Khambay1
1Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical & Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery
|June 16, 2026
Summary
Orthognathic surgery outcomes lack standardization. This review found Quality of Life measures most common, but inconsistent use of questionnaires and varied methods for other outcomes necessitate global standardization for reliable clinical advancements.
Area of Science:
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
- Health Outcomes Research
Background:
- Orthognathic surgery aims to correct jaw discrepancies.
- Standardized outcome assessment is crucial for evaluating surgical effectiveness and patient satisfaction.
Purpose of the Study:
- To comprehensively review and categorize outcome measures reported in orthognathic surgery literature.
- To identify inconsistencies and a lack of standardization in current outcome assessment methods.
Main Methods:
- Systematic literature search across major databases (Embase, PubMed, MEDLINE, etc.) up to December 2024.
- Analysis of 190 studies involving 11,703 patients undergoing orthognathic surgery.
- Categorization of outcome measures into Quality of Life, facial attractiveness, masticatory efficiency, occlusal assessment, and cephalometric outcomes.
Main Results:
- Quality of Life (QoL) was the most frequently reported outcome (63%), but with inconsistent questionnaire usage.
- Facial attractiveness, masticatory efficiency, and cephalometric outcomes showed significant variability in methodologies and scoring.
- No consensus was found for evaluating masticatory efficiency or facial attractiveness.
Conclusions:
- Orthognathic surgery outcome reporting lacks standardization, hindering comparability and reliability.
- There is a critical need for globally validated questionnaires for QoL and standardized methodologies for facial attractiveness and masticatory efficiency.
- Standardization will facilitate evidence-based advancements in clinical practice worldwide.
