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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
Overview of the Skull01:08

Overview of the Skull

The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Modified Posterior Vertebral Column Resection for Patients with Thoracolumbar Kyphotic Deformity
06:45

Modified Posterior Vertebral Column Resection for Patients with Thoracolumbar Kyphotic Deformity

Published on: September 16, 2022

Primary Clivus Bone Lesions.

Vinicius Trindade Gomes da Silva1,2, Thales Bhering Nepomuceno1, Rhuann Pontes Dos Santos Silva3

  • 1Neurological Surgery Division, University of São Paulo Medical School, 05403-010 Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Annali Italiani Di Chirurgia
|June 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primary clival bone lesions like chordoma present diagnostic challenges. Understanding their characteristics is crucial for effective patient management and improved outcomes.

Keywords:
benign notochordal cell tumorbone neoplasmschondrosarcomaschordomasgiant cell tumor of bone

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Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model
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Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model

Published on: November 4, 2025

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Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Modified Posterior Vertebral Column Resection for Patients with Thoracolumbar Kyphotic Deformity
06:45

Modified Posterior Vertebral Column Resection for Patients with Thoracolumbar Kyphotic Deformity

Published on: September 16, 2022

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model
08:03

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model

Published on: November 4, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Neuro-oncology
  • Orthopedic oncology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Primary clival bone lesions pose significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.
  • Chordoma, chondrosarcoma, giant cell tumor, and benign notochordal cell tumor are rare entities.
  • These tumors share complex anatomical locations and overlapping radiological features.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of primary clival bone lesions.
  • To elucidate clinical, radiological, and biological characteristics.
  • To address diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of literature.
  • Searched Cochrane Library, Scielo, and Medline databases.
  • Included MeSH terms: "chordomas", "chondrosarcoma", "giant cell tumor of bone", "bone neoplasms".

Main Results:

  • 33 studies were selected from 2630 initial results.
  • Comprehensive reviews of all four clival lesions are scarce.
  • Highlighted importance of differentiating lesions due to distinct biological behavior and overlapping imaging.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding clival bone lesion characteristics is essential for optimal diagnosis and treatment.
  • Clinicians and neurosurgeons require this knowledge to improve patient outcomes.
  • Current evidence-based treatment strategies are limited by rarity and complexity.