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Related Concept Videos

Pleural Effusion II: Symptoms and Management01:28

Pleural Effusion II: Symptoms and Management

Pleural Effusion Overview
A pleural effusion is the abnormal collection of fluid between the parietal and visceral pleura layers of tissue that form the lining of the lungs and chest cavity. It can occur independently or due to surrounding parenchymal diseases, such as infection, malignancy, or inflammatory conditions.
Clinical Manifestations:
Pleural Effusion I: Introduction01:25

Pleural Effusion I: Introduction

Pleural effusion is an abnormal fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity, a narrow space between the lungs and the chest wall. It is not a disease per se but rather a symptom or indication of an underlying disease. In normal circumstances, this space contains a small amount of fluid (5 to 15 mL), a lubricant facilitating the non-frictional movement of the pleural surfaces.
There are two main types of pleural effusion: transudative and exudative. They are differentiated using Light's criteria,...
Endoscopic Studies II: Thoracocentesis01:26

Endoscopic Studies II: Thoracocentesis

Thoracentesis(Thoracocentesis), commonly known as pleural tap, is a medical procedure where a 22 gauge needle is inserted into the pleural space, the area between the lung and chest wall. This procedure is commonly performed to diagnose or treat various respiratory disorders.
Description
Excess pleural fluid or air may accumulate in some respiratory disorders in the thoracic cavity. To treat pleural effusion, a physician conducts thoracentesis by carefully piercing the chest wall and entering...
Pulmonary Embolism II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:29

Pulmonary Embolism II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

Diagnosing Pulmonary EmbolismDiagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) involves clinical assessment and advanced imaging tests. The preferred diagnostic tool is the spiral (helical) CT scan or CT angiography (CTA), which uses intravenous contrast media to visualize the pulmonary vasculature and identify emboli.A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan is an alternative for patients unable to receive contrast media. This scan includes both perfusion and ventilation scanning. Perfusion scanning involves...
Endoscopic Studies I: Bronchoscopy and Thoracoscopy01:30

Endoscopic Studies I: Bronchoscopy and Thoracoscopy

Endoscopy is a non-surgical medical technique used to examine a person's internal organs and vessels. This lesson will focus on two types of endoscopic studies: bronchoscopy and thoracoscopy.
Bronchoscopy
Description
Bronchoscopy is a procedure that involves direct visualization of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. A flexible fiber optic or rigid bronchoscope is used to carry out the procedure. The fiber-optic bronchoscope is more frequently used due to...
Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment01:30

Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment

Pneumonia poses the potential for numerous complications that warrant consideration. These complications include the following:

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Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Local Anesthetic Thoracoscopy for Undiagnosed Pleural Effusion
03:22

Local Anesthetic Thoracoscopy for Undiagnosed Pleural Effusion

Published on: November 10, 2023

A Three-Step Diagnostic Strategy for Malignant Pleural Effusions.

Elisa Nuez-Zaragoza1, Vicente Aguadero2, Indira Bhambi-Blanco1

  • 1Clinical Laboratory Department, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT-CERCA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain.

Cancer Medicine
|June 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new algorithm combining high fluorescence cells (HFc) and tumor markers (TMs) shows promise for diagnosing malignant pleural effusion (MPE). This non-invasive tool achieved high specificity and improved sensitivity when used with cytology.

Keywords:
high fluorescence cellsmalignant pleural effusiontumor markers

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Local Anesthetic Thoracoscopy for Undiagnosed Pleural Effusion
03:22

Local Anesthetic Thoracoscopy for Undiagnosed Pleural Effusion

Published on: November 10, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Pulmonology
  • Oncology
  • Clinical Diagnostics

Background:

  • Accurate diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion (MPE) is crucial for patient management.
  • Existing diagnostic methods can be invasive or lack sufficient sensitivity/specificity.
  • Novel biomarkers like high fluorescence cells (HFc) and tumor markers (TMs) offer potential for improved MPE detection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the diagnostic performance of a combined algorithm using high fluorescence cells (HFc) and tumor markers (TMs) for MPE detection.
  • To assess the algorithm's accuracy as a standalone tool and in conjunction with cytology.
  • To explore the utility of fluid-type-specific TM cutoffs for enhancing diagnostic yield.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective study involving 300 pleural effusions from 209 patients at Parc Taulí University Hospital.
  • Analysis of pleural fluid (PF) and serum samples for HFc and multiple TMs (CEA, CA 19.9, CA 15.3, CA 72.4, CYFRA 21.1).
  • Development of a diagnostic algorithm incorporating HFc screening and TM assessment with adjusted cutoffs based on fluid type.

Main Results:

  • The standalone algorithm demonstrated 100% specificity and positive predictive value, with 68% sensitivity and 93% negative predictive value.
  • Combining the algorithm with cytology significantly improved sensitivity to 85% and negative predictive value to 96%.
  • Adjusting TM cutoffs by fluid type enhanced diagnostic sensitivity without compromising specificity.

Conclusions:

  • The developed HFc and TM-based algorithm shows strong potential as a non-invasive tool for MPE diagnosis.
  • HFc screening effectively identifies potential MPE cases, while TM assessment aids in confirmation.
  • The algorithm, particularly when integrated with cytology and utilizing fluid-specific TM cutoffs, offers a valuable approach to improving MPE diagnostic accuracy.