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Updated: Jun 18, 2026

A Complete Method for Evaluating the Performance of Photocatalysts for the Degradation of Antibiotics in Environmental Remediation
Published on: October 6, 2022
Sustainable Remediation of Antibiotic-Contaminated Groundwater Using Thermally Modified Bentonite Functionalized With
Zaman Ageel Hammood1, Ziad Tark Abd Ali1
1Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.
Abstract:
In this study, Cono carpus leaf extract, a green antioxidant, was exploited to green-synthesize Fe/Cd nanoparticles, eliminating the need for harmful chemicals. The synthesized nanoparticles were immobilized using modified bentonite (MB) via thermal treatment, which improves the hydraulic properties of bentonite and makes it a suitable support material for nanoparticles, especially for continuous experiments. In a permeable reactive barrier (PRB), the synthesized nanocomposite (MB-Fe/Cd) was employed as reactive material to retain Penicillin G (PG), Kanamycin (KC), and Chloramphenicol (CP) in groundwater. The batch and continuous trials showed that the nanocomposite might enhance hydraulic characteristics and impede pollutant transfer. In addition, contaminant transport was simulated using COMSOL software. Accordingly, in the PRB method for cleaning up contaminated groundwater, the nanocomposite (MB-Fe/Cd) can be regarded as a promising reactive agent.
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