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Glioblastoma Multiforme: Current Developments in Molecular Pathways, Magnetic Field-Based Interventions, and
Emel Çolak1, Ravza Tosunbayraktar1, Sacide Sarıçiçek1
1Department of Neuroscience, Erciyes University Gevher Nesibe Genome and Stem Cell Institute, Kayseri, Türkiye.
Abstract:
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive brain cancer in adults. It is also one of the most aggressive tumors of the central nervous system and is associated with the worst prognosis. Developing an effective treatment method is complicated by the disease: its resistance to treatment, a high recurrence rate, and genetic and histological heterogeneity. This review provides a detailed assessment of GBM diagnostic methods, molecular pathogenesis, histopathological features, and current treatment approaches. IDH mutations, together with molecular markers such as PTEN, EGFR, TP53, and MGMT promoter methylation, play a significant role in predicting the course of glioblastoma multiforme and determining treatment response. Personalized medicine and immunotherapies, together with routine treatments, represent noteworthy approaches to GBM treatment in the near future. Recent studies report that magnetic field-based interventions are a promising approach and that applications of low-frequency magnetic fields suppress glioma cell proliferation. Studies conducted with the OM-100 device have shown a significant reduction in tumor growth in both in vivo and in vitro models and have demonstrated synergistic effects when the device was combined with anti-PD-1 therapy. Furthermore, static magnetic fields have been reported to increase apoptosis, inhibit proliferation, and may offer a complementary treatment with low toxicity. These findings suggest that magnetic-field-based approaches offer an innovative strategy for GBM treatment.
Insights
Magnetic field therapy shows promise for treating glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most aggressive brain cancer. Low-frequency magnetic fields and static magnetic fields may suppress glioma cell proliferation and offer a low-toxicity complementary treatment.
Area of Science:
- Neuro-oncology
- Biophysics
- Cancer research
Background:
- Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive brain cancer with poor prognosis.
- Treatment is challenging due to resistance, recurrence, and heterogeneity.
- Molecular markers like IDH mutations influence GBM's course and treatment response.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review diagnostic methods, molecular pathogenesis, histopathology, and current treatments for GBM.
- To assess novel therapeutic strategies for glioblastoma multiforme.
- To explore the potential of magnetic field-based interventions in GBM treatment.
Main Methods:
- Review of current literature on GBM diagnostics, molecular markers, and therapies.
- Assessment of studies on magnetic field applications (low-frequency and static) in glioma models.
- Evaluation of synergistic effects with existing therapies like anti-PD-1.
Main Results:
- Magnetic field interventions show potential in suppressing glioma cell proliferation.
- The OM-100 device demonstrated tumor growth reduction in vitro and in vivo.
- Static magnetic fields may increase apoptosis and inhibit proliferation with low toxicity.
Conclusions:
- Magnetic field-based approaches represent an innovative strategy for glioblastoma treatment.
- These methods may offer a complementary, low-toxicity option for GBM patients.
- Further research into magnetic field therapy could lead to improved GBM treatment outcomes.
