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Decoding the Factor H-Related Proteins: Gatekeepers of Complement Dysregulation in AMD

Jiaqi Tang1, Nathalie Zgoda1, Simon J Clark1,2,3

  • 1Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Department for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.

European Journal of Immunology
|June 17, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Factor H-related proteins (FHRPs) drive complement amplification, contributing to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Targeting FHRPs may offer a novel therapeutic strategy for reducing AMD risk and blindness.

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness, affecting millions globally.
  • Complement system overactivation, due to diminished regulatory capacity, contributes to AMD pathogenesis.
  • Factor H (FH) and Factor H-like protein 1 (FHL1) are key complement regulators, but their loss of control is not the sole driver of AMD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the emerging role of factor H-related proteins (FHRPs) in AMD.
  • To investigate the association between FHRPs and AMD risk.
  • To examine potential therapeutic strategies targeting FHRPs for AMD.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on FHRPs and their role in complement regulation.
  • Analysis of genetic evidence linking FHRP gene deletions to AMD protection.
  • Examination of studies correlating circulating FHRP levels with ocular deposition and AMD.

Main Results:

  • FHRPs have an emerging role in driving complement amplification.
  • FHRP gene deletions are associated with protection against AMD.
  • Elevated FHRP levels correlate with their deposition in the eye, the site of AMD pathology.

Conclusions:

  • FHRPs represent a significant factor in AMD pathogenesis through complement amplification.
  • Targeting FHRPs presents a promising novel therapeutic avenue for AMD.
  • Further research into FHRP mechanisms can lead to effective AMD risk reduction strategies.

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