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Genetic risk scores are related to bone microarchitecture in US Army basic training.

Brandon M Roberts1, Jessie Hendricks2, Katelyn Guerriere Aaron1

  • 1US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, United States.

Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)
|June 17, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genetic risk scores linked to bone density and remodeling, not vitamin D levels, influenced tibial bone microarchitecture in US Army trainees during basic combat training.

Keywords:
exercisemilitarynutritiontrainingvitamin D

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Genetics
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • US Army trainees often have vitamin D deficiency and bone stress injuries.
  • The role of genetic variations in skeletal adaptation and injury risk during training is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate associations between genetic risk scores (GRS) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to vitamin D and bone health with tibial bone microarchitecture in trainees.
  • To determine if these genetic factors influence bone changes during basic combat training (BCT).

Main Methods:

  • High-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) scans of the distal tibia were performed on 2,550 trainees before and after 10 weeks of BCT.
  • Evaluated GRS and SNPs including VDR, DBP, 25-OHD-GRS, Adult-GRS, Fracture-GRS, Pediatric-GRS, WNT-GRS, RANK-GRS, and Mes-GRS.
  • Multivariable linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, BMI, and 25-OHD concentration were used.

Main Results:

  • 47 significant associations were found after multiple testing correction.
  • Adult-GRS, Fracture-GRS, Pediatric-GRS, RANK-GRS, and WNT-GRS were associated with various aspects of tibial bone microarchitecture (e.g., vBMD, trabecular and cortical microstructure).
  • No associations were observed between vitamin D-related GRS/SNPs and bone microarchitecture or changes during BCT.

Conclusions:

  • Genetic risk scores associated with bone density and remodeling pathways are linked to baseline tibial bone microarchitecture in young adults.
  • Vitamin D-related genetic factors did not show associations with tibial microarchitecture in this cohort during BCT.
  • Genetic predisposition may influence bone structure independently of vitamin D status in the context of military training.