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Is Generalized Joint Hypermobility a Risk Factor in the Development of Wrist Ganglion Cysts? A Retrospective
Volkan Özel1, İbrahim Halil Demir2, Tuğrul Yıldırım3
1Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Şehit Sait Ertürk State Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
The Journal of Hand Surgery
|June 17, 2026
Summary
Generalized joint hypermobility is a significant risk factor for developing ganglion cysts, with risk increasing alongside hypermobility severity. Manual occupations also contribute to this risk.
Area of Science:
- Orthopedics
- Rheumatology
- Genetics
Background:
- Ganglion cysts are common soft tissue tumors.
- The etiology of ganglion cysts is not fully understood.
- Generalized joint hypermobility (GJH) is a potential contributing factor.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the association between GJH and ganglion cysts.
- To identify independent risk factors for ganglion cyst development.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective case-control study with 972 participants (243 ganglion cyst patients, 729 controls).
- Data collected included demographics, BMI, occupation, physical activity, and Beighton scores.
- GJH defined as Beighton score ≥4; logistic regression used for risk factor analysis.
Main Results:
- No significant differences in age, sex, BMI, or physical activity between groups.
- Higher proportion of manual occupations in the ganglion cyst group (P=.005).
- Significantly higher Beighton scores and GJH prevalence (64% vs 19%) in the ganglion cyst group.
- GJH (aOR 7.1) and manual occupation (aOR 1.4) were independent risk factors.
Conclusions:
- GJH is a strong, independent risk factor for ganglion cysts.
- Risk of ganglion cysts increases with hypermobility severity.
- Intrinsic connective tissue properties likely play a role in ganglion cyst pathogenesis.
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