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Related Concept Videos

Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they produce ions...
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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
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Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...
Transcription01:10

Transcription

Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...

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  3. Characterization Of Radiation-responsive Genes And Transcript Variants Under Different Radiation Qualities, Doses And Dose Rates.
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  3. Characterization Of Radiation-responsive Genes And Transcript Variants Under Different Radiation Qualities, Doses And Dose Rates.

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Characterization of Radiation-responsive Genes and Transcript Variants under Different Radiation Qualities, Doses and

Maria Polozova, Lourdes Cruz-Garcia, Shanaz A Ghandhi

    Radiation Research
    |June 17, 2026

    View abstract on PubMed

    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study shows that gene expression biodosimetry can distinguish between radiation types and doses. Specific gene variants offer improved sensitivity for assessing radiation exposure in mixed-field incidents.

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    Irradiator Commissioning and Dosimetry for Assessment of LQ α and β Parameters, Radiation Dosing Schema, and in vivo Dose Deposition

    Published on: March 11, 2021

    Area of Science:

    • Radiation biology
    • Molecular toxicology
    • Genomics

    Background:

    • Rapid molecular biodosimetry is crucial for assessing radiation exposure in mass casualty incidents.
    • Current methods need better characterization of gene expression responses across different radiation qualities and dose rates.
    • Alternative splicing variants may enhance sensitivity in biodosimetry.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate gene expression responses to different radiation qualities (X-rays vs. neutrons) and dose rates.
    • To evaluate the utility of transcript-variant-aware measurements for biodosimetry.
    • To assess radiation exposure in mixed-field scenarios using molecular markers.

    Main Methods:

    • Profiling of nine radiation-responsive genes and six FDXR transcript variants using RT-qPCR arrays on ex vivo leukopak samples.
  • Irradiation of samples with acute X-rays, protracted X-rays, and mixed neutron/gamma fields at various doses and dose rates.
  • Analysis of gene expression changes, dose-response relationships, and relative biological effectiveness (RBE) values.

    • Main Results:

    • All profiled genes were upregulated dose-dependently after irradiation.
    • Neutrons elicited higher induction than X-rays for certain genes (APOBEC3H, DDB2, FDXR) at lower doses.
    • Variant-level analysis revealed distinct responses of FDXR isoforms to different radiation types.
    • Protracted X-ray exposure showed minimal dose-rate effects on most genes, with some exceptions.
    • Three patterns of dose-response behavior were observed when comparing neutrons and X-rays, indicating differential responsiveness.

    Conclusions:

    • Gene expression biodosimetry, particularly variant-resolved approaches, shows promise for radiation exposure assessment.
    • Specific genes and their transcript variants can discriminate between radiation qualities and estimate dose.
    • Further development of multi-gene, variant-resolved methods is supported for mixed-field radiological incidents.