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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

How to Administer Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Critically ill Neonates, Infants, and Children
07:27

How to Administer Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Critically ill Neonates, Infants, and Children

Published on: August 19, 2020

NIRS Monitoring for Neonates With Mild Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy.

Pollieanna Sepúlveda1, Lizette Lee, Monica Madrid Ornelas

  • 1Author Affiliations: College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas (Sepúlveda and Manworren); Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (Sepúlveda, Lee, Madrid Ornelas, Hoffer, and Chalak); Parkland Health, Dallas, Texas(Sepúlveda, Lee, Madrid Ornelas, Hoffer, and Chalak); Children's Health Children's Medical Center Dallas, Texas (Sepúlveda, Lee, Madrid Ornelas, and Chalak).

Advances in Neonatal Care : Official Journal of the National Association of Neonatal Nurses
|June 17, 2026
PubMed
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New clinical practice guidelines recommend near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for continuous neuromonitoring in neonates with mild hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). This ensures timely detection of cerebral oxygenation issues and supports neuroprotective interventions.

Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Neuroscience
  • Clinical Nursing Practice

Background:

  • Neonates with mild hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) exhibit cerebral vulnerability.
  • Routine continuous neuromonitoring is often lacking for these infants, delaying neuroprotective interventions.
  • Standardized, nurse-driven clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) use in mild HIE are needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop standardized, nurse-driven clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for NIRS use in term neonates with mild HIE.
  • To establish evidence-based recommendations for continuous cerebral oxygenation monitoring in this vulnerable population.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic review guided by the AGREE II framework was conducted.
  • Searches included CINAHL, Embase, and MEDLINE (2019-2025), plus clinical guidelines and protocols.
Keywords:
cerebral oxygenationclinical practice guidelineshypoxic–ischemic encephalopathymild neonatal encephalopathynear-infrared spectroscopyneonatal intensive care unitneonatal neurocritical careneuromonitoringneuroprotective nursing carenurse-driven protocols

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Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants
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Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants

Published on: March 14, 2013

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Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

How to Administer Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Critically ill Neonates, Infants, and Children
07:27

How to Administer Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Critically ill Neonates, Infants, and Children

Published on: August 19, 2020

Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants
11:39

Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants

Published on: March 14, 2013

  • Recommendations were synthesized based on evidence, nursing scope, and workflow feasibility, culminating in stakeholder consensus.

    • Main Results:

    • CPGs recommend NIRS initiation within 6 hours of life for term neonates (≥36 weeks) with mild HIE.
    • Standardized sensor site care is advised for data integrity and skin protection.
    • Continuous monitoring for 24 hours is recommended, with specific thresholds for nursing assessment and care escalation (rScO2 <55% and >85%-90%).

    Conclusions:

    • Implementing nurse-driven NIRS CPGs can improve early detection of cerebral oxygenation abnormalities.
    • These guidelines enhance the consistency of neuromonitoring for neonates with mild HIE.
    • Timely neuroprotective care can be better supported through standardized NIRS monitoring.