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Related Concept Videos

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair Growth and Types01:20

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair Growth and Types

Hair growth begins with the production of keratinocytes by the basal cells of the hair bulb. As new cells are deposited at the hair bulb, the hair shaft is pushed through the follicle toward the surface. Keratinization is completed as the cells are pushed to the skin surface to form the shaft of hair that is externally visible. The external hair is completely dead and composed entirely of keratin. Hair can be cut or shaven without damaging the hair structure because the cut is superficial. Most...
Multipotency and Niche of Bulge Stem Cell01:06

Multipotency and Niche of Bulge Stem Cell

A hair follicle or HF is a small part of the skin that produces the hair shaft. Paul Gerson Unna was the first to observe a bulge in the human hair follicle's outer root sheath (ORS). The bulge is present between the sebaceous gland and the arrector pili muscle and is the niche for hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs). The bulge is also a niche for melanocyte stem cells, and their loss results in graying of hair. The HFSCs express Sox9 and Lhx2, which help them maintain stemness and prevent...
Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair and Hair Follicles01:16

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair and Hair Follicles

Hair and hair follicles are integral components of the integumentary system. Hair is a filamentous structure composed mainly of a protein called keratin. It is found on the surface of the skin throughout the body, except for areas such as the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
Hair is a keratinous filament growing out of the epidermis. It is primarily made of dead, keratinized cells. Hair strands originate at the epidermal penetration called the hair follicle. The hair shaft is the part...
Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
Unrenewable Cells00:50

Unrenewable Cells

In humans, the photoreceptor cells of the eye and sensory hair cells of the ear lack stem cells. These cells are thus unrenewable and cannot be replaced when they are damaged or destroyed.
Photoreceptors
The retina is composed of several layers and contains specialized cells called photoreceptors. The photoreceptors (rods and cones) change their membrane potential when stimulated by light energy. There are two types of photoreceptors—rods and cones—which differ in the shape of their outer...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

A New Technique for Quantitative Analysis of Hair Loss in Mice Using Grayscale Analysis
06:41

A New Technique for Quantitative Analysis of Hair Loss in Mice Using Grayscale Analysis

Published on: March 9, 2015

Alopecia areata: current concepts.

Audrey Terrany1, Robert A Schwartz2

  • 1Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Medical Science Building H-574, 07103-2714, Newark, NJ, USA.

Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift
|June 17, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alopecia areata is an autoimmune condition causing hair loss. New treatments targeting the JAK-STAT pathway offer hope for severe cases, moving beyond traditional therapies.

Keywords:
Autoimmune diseasesDisorders of skin appendagesHair diseasesJanus kinase inhibitorsPsychosocial distress

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Mechanical and Controlled PRP Injections in Patients Affected by Androgenetic Alopecia
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Mechanical and Controlled PRP Injections in Patients Affected by Androgenetic Alopecia

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Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

A New Technique for Quantitative Analysis of Hair Loss in Mice Using Grayscale Analysis
06:41

A New Technique for Quantitative Analysis of Hair Loss in Mice Using Grayscale Analysis

Published on: March 9, 2015

Mechanical and Controlled PRP Injections in Patients Affected by Androgenetic Alopecia
03:22

Mechanical and Controlled PRP Injections in Patients Affected by Androgenetic Alopecia

Published on: January 27, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Alopecia areata (AA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder causing relapsing, non-scarring hair loss.
  • Disease presentation varies from patchy hair loss to extensive forms like alopecia totalis or universalis, impacting quality of life.
  • Key pathogenic mechanisms include hair follicle immune privilege collapse, Janus Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway activation, and genetic factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding of alopecia areata epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and comorbidities.
  • To summarize established and emerging therapeutic strategies for alopecia areata.
  • To discuss future directions for improving patient outcomes in alopecia areata management.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of epidemiological data.
  • Analysis of research on pathogenic mechanisms.
  • Synthesis of current and emerging treatment options, including FDA-approved therapies.

Main Results:

  • Alopecia areata involves complex immune dysregulation and genetic predisposition.
  • Conventional treatments remain relevant for mild disease.
  • Oral JAK inhibitors represent a significant advancement for severe alopecia areata, offering targeted systemic therapy.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the pathogenesis of alopecia areata has led to targeted therapies.
  • Systemic JAK inhibitors provide a new treatment paradigm for severe alopecia areata.
  • Continued research is crucial for optimizing patient outcomes and exploring novel therapeutic avenues.