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Related Concept Videos

Exercise and Muscle Performance01:27

Exercise and Muscle Performance

Exercise induces a range of adaptations in muscle tissue, depending on the type and duration of activity. Such physical training can be broadly categorized into two types: endurance exercises and resistance exercises.
Endurance exercises
Endurance exercises involve running, swimming, or cycling, which require repetitive movements with low force output. When a person engages in endurance exercise, a few noticeable changes occur in their skeletal muscles. For instance, the number of capillaries...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Improving Strength, Power, Muscle Aerobic Capacity, and Glucose Tolerance through Short-term Progressive Strength Training Among Elderly People
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The Effect of Variable Resistance Training on Post-Activation Performance Enhancement: A Systematic Review and

Zhijie Yan1, Shengfa Lin1, Junchen Wu1

  • 1Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, 100084, China.

Sports Medicine - Open
|June 17, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Variable resistance training (VRT) can enhance athletic performance, but its effects on post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) are inconsistent. This meta-analysis found VRT offers modest PAPE benefits, especially for high-level athletes using specific training protocols.

Keywords:
Meta-analysis.Post-activation performance enhancementSystematic reviewVariable resistance training

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Exercise Physiology
  • Performance Enhancement

Background:

  • Variable resistance training (VRT) is proposed for acute performance enhancement.
  • Evidence for VRT-induced post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) is inconsistent.
  • This study quantifies the acute effect of VRT on PAPE.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and meta-analyze the acute effects of VRT on PAPE.
  • To identify moderating variables influencing VRT's impact on PAPE.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search following PRISMA guidelines (PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO).
  • Three-level meta-analysis model to calculate Hedges' g.
  • Subgroup analyses and meta-regression to explore moderators.

Main Results:

  • Included 13 studies with 95 effect sizes.
  • VRT showed a significant modest effect on PAPE (g = 0.27, p = 0.0016).
  • Significant PAPE effects observed for multi-set training and equal-intensity VRT designs.

Conclusions:

  • Acute VRT is an effective strategy for inducing small to moderate PAPE.
  • High-level athletes may benefit from VRT in warm-ups or complex training.
  • Optimal VRT protocols involve multiple sets, equal intensity, and ≥30% variable resistance loading.