Artificial Cells: Perspective on Reconstructing Biological Cells and "Out of the Box" Innovations

Area of Science:

• Biotechnology
• Biomedical Engineering
• Materials Science

Background:

• Red blood cells (RBCs) are vital for oxygen transport and survival.
• The first artificial cells were developed as artificial RBCs.
• Current research focuses on developing artificial RBCs for therapeutic applications.

Purpose of the Study:

• To reconstruct artificial red blood cells (RBCs) in vitro.
• To develop artificial RBCs with oxygen transport function for clinical use.
• To explore innovative applications of artificial cells beyond RBCs.

Main Methods:

• Artificial RBCs were constructed with ultrathin membranes using polymers, crosslinked proteins, or lipids.
• A bottom-up approach was used, initially focusing on oxygen transport.
• Research explored variations in contents, membranes, dimensions, and configurations for diverse applications.

Main Results:

• Artificial RBCs with oxygen transport function demonstrated promising results in clinical trials.
• The developed artificial cells are suitable for various applications.
• Extensive variations in design allow for broad applicability.

Conclusions:

• Artificial RBCs with oxygen transport function are viable for therapeutic use.
• Future research will focus on developing artificial cells with complete RBC functions (antioxidant, oxygen, and CO2 transport).
• Artificial cells offer potential for numerous innovative applications, including nanomedicine, regenerative medicine, and agricultural uses.