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Related Concept Videos

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent years,...
Management of Insomnia01:19

Management of Insomnia

The sleep cycle, an integral part of human health, consists of several stages with distinct characteristics and functions. It begins with a transition from wakefulness to sleep, known as the light sleep phase, followed by the restorative deep sleep phase, essential for physical recovery and growth. The cycle concludes with the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) phase, characterized by high brain activity and vivid dreaming. Insomnia, a prevalent sleep disorder, involves difficulty falling asleep, staying...
The Pineal Gland01:02

The Pineal Gland

The pineal gland, a diminutive endocrine structure named for its pinecone-shaped appearance, is situated atop the third ventricle within the diencephalon region of the forebrain. This gland, composed of secretory cells known as pinealocytes arranged in compact cords and clusters around dense particles of calcium salts, plays a pivotal role in hormonal regulation.
The primary secretion of the pineal gland is the hormone melatonin, derived from serotonin. The concentration of melatonin in the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

In Vitro Bioluminescence Assay to Characterize Circadian Rhythm in Mammary Epithelial Cells
11:56

In Vitro Bioluminescence Assay to Characterize Circadian Rhythm in Mammary Epithelial Cells

Published on: September 28, 2017

Melatonin Rescues Enamel Defects Induced by Maternal Circadian Disruption via Targeting the BMAL1-JNK3 Axis.

Xuanyu Wang1, Jing Liu1, Mengning Bi1

  • 1Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.

International Dental Journal
|June 17, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Maternal circadian disruption impairs offspring enamel mineralization, but melatonin partially rescues it by inhibiting JNK3 phosphorylation and restoring mitochondrial function. The BMAL1-JNK3 pathway is a novel target for improving enamel development.

Keywords:
AmelogenesisBMAL1Circadian rhythmJNK3Melatonin

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Micro-dissection of Enamel Organ from Mandibular Incisor of Rats Exposed to Environmental Toxicants
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Micro-dissection of Enamel Organ from Mandibular Incisor of Rats Exposed to Environmental Toxicants

Published on: March 29, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

In Vitro Bioluminescence Assay to Characterize Circadian Rhythm in Mammary Epithelial Cells
11:56

In Vitro Bioluminescence Assay to Characterize Circadian Rhythm in Mammary Epithelial Cells

Published on: September 28, 2017

Micro-dissection of Enamel Organ from Mandibular Incisor of Rats Exposed to Environmental Toxicants
08:12

Micro-dissection of Enamel Organ from Mandibular Incisor of Rats Exposed to Environmental Toxicants

Published on: March 29, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Biomineralization research
  • Circadian biology
  • Dental developmental biology

Background:

  • Developmental defects of enamel (DDE) are common, with limited preventive strategies.
  • Amelogenesis follows a circadian rhythm, influenced by hormones like melatonin.
  • Melatonin's role in circadian enamel biomineralization is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of disrupted photoperiods on enamel development.
  • To identify melatonin's regulatory targets in enamel biomineralization.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying circadian regulation of enamel.

Main Methods:

  • Assessed offspring enamel mineralization using 3D X-ray microscopy, ATR-FTIR, and SEM.
  • Measured plasma melatonin via ELISA and administered melatonin to pregnant mice.
  • Utilized Bmal1 knockdown in ameloblast-lineage cells (ALCs) with RNA sequencing and siRNA transfection.

Main Results:

  • Circadian disruption led to impaired enamel mineralization (reduced thickness/density, altered composition, rough surface).
  • Melatonin partially rescued enamel mineralization defects caused by circadian disruption.
  • Bmal1 knockdown in ALCs disrupted mitochondrial respiration and increased JNK3 phosphorylation; melatonin restored mitochondrial function and reduced JNK3 overactivation.

Conclusions:

  • Melatonin promotes enamel mineralization by inhibiting JNK3 phosphorylation and restoring mitochondrial respiratory function.
  • Bmal1 knockdown impairs the mitochondrial electron transport chain, which melatonin can restore.
  • The BMAL1-JNK3 axis represents a potential therapeutic target for enhancing enamel mineralization and offers a basis for perinatal circadian regulation.