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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:29

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
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A blood clot, or thrombus, is a semi-solid mass composed of fibrin, platelets, and red blood cells. When it forms within a vessel, it can obstruct blood flow, known as thrombosis. If part of the clot detaches, it becomes an embolus that can travel and block distant vessels. When this occurs in the pulmonary arteries, it causes a condition known as pulmonary embolism (PE).Origin and ImpactMost often, the embolus originates from a thrombus in the deep veins of the lower limbs, a condition called...
Acute Respiratory Failure-II01:21

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Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
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Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:15

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An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...
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Diagnosing Pulmonary EmbolismDiagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) involves clinical assessment and advanced imaging tests. The preferred diagnostic tool is the spiral (helical) CT scan or CT angiography (CTA), which uses intravenous contrast media to visualize the pulmonary vasculature and identify emboli.A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan is an alternative for patients unable to receive contrast media. This scan includes both perfusion and ventilation scanning. Perfusion scanning involves...
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Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
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Pediatric Pulmonary Infarction and Infarction-Like Pulmonary Injury: An Etiology-Oriented Narrative Review.

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Pediatric pulmonary infarction (PI) is a diverse lung injury, not solely from pulmonary embolism (PE). Recognizing varied causes is key for accurate diagnosis and tailored treatment in children.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Pulmonology
  • Radiology
  • Vascular Biology

Background:

  • Pulmonary infarction (PI) traditionally linked to pulmonary embolism (PE).
  • Pediatric PI increasingly recognized as a spectrum of ischemic lung injury beyond PE.
  • Underlying causes in children are more diverse than in adults.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review epidemiology, pathophysiology, imaging, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of pediatric PI.
  • To summarize published pediatric PI cases using an etiology-oriented framework.
  • To highlight the heterogeneity of pediatric PI and infarction-like pulmonary injury.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review of published literature.
  • Etiology-oriented framework for classification.
  • Descriptive summary of pediatric PI cases.

Main Results:

  • Pediatric PI is underrecognized with non-standardized diagnostic criteria.
  • Diverse etiologies include PE, in situ thrombosis, congenital anomalies, immune injury, and infection.
  • Imaging findings like Hampton hump lack systematic validation in children.
  • Treatment varies by mechanism: anticoagulation, surgery, or immunomodulation.
  • Limited data exists on long-term outcomes and pediatric chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.

Conclusions:

  • Pediatric PI is a heterogeneous ischemic lung injury syndrome, not a single entity.
  • Etiology-based classification is crucial for diagnosis and individualized management.
  • Further multicenter studies needed for standardized pediatric diagnostic and follow-up guidelines.