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Community-based Exercise for Chronic Pain in People With Spinal Cord Injury: A Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial
Kathleen A Martin Ginis1, Cameron Gee2, Femke Hoekstra3
1Department of Medicine, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada; International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada.
Objective:
To test the hypothesis that home- and community-based exercise, prescribed according to the spinal cord injury (SCI) exercise guidelines, reduces chronic pain.
Design:
Single-blinded, pragmatic randomized controlled trial with 2 arms (exercise intervention, waitlist control) and assessments at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months.
Setting:
Testing at 2 university-based laboratories located on separate campuses within the same institution. Exercise in participants' preferred locations.
Participants:
Forty-six adults with SCI (76% men/male; 59% paraplegic; Mage=50.6±14.1; Myears since injury=16.5±12.8) and chronic neuropathic or musculoskeletal pain, who did not routinely achieve the SCI exercise guidelines.
Intervention:
Intervention participants (n=25) received an individualized exercise prescription for aerobic and strength training. Fitness trainers and exercise counselors supported implementation. Control participants (n=21) continued their usual activities.
Main Outcome Measures:
The primary outcome was the SF-36 Pain score at 6 months. Secondary outcomes were International SCI Pain Basic Dataset version 2.0 (ISCIPBDS) pain-intensity and interference scores, and standardized measures of pain coping, well-being, conditioned pain modulation, and proinflammatory cytokines.
Results:
In intent-to-treat analyses, the estimated treatment effect (95% CI) on SF-36 Pain was 7.9 (-1.9 to 17.7; P=.11) at 6 months. Tipping-point analyses suggested that these effects may have been significant if the target sample size had been achieved. Treatment effects for ISCIPBDS pain intensity were -1.8 (-3.4, -0.1; P=.04) at 6 months. Relative to controls, participants in the intervention condition reported significant reductions in pain interference at 3 months and reduced use of pain-coping strategies at 6 months (Ps<0.05). No other effects were significant.
Conclusions:
Intervention effects on SF-36 Pain were inconclusive. Analyses of secondary outcomes (ISCIPBDS) suggest exercise prescribed according to the SCI exercise guidelines, and implemented in real-world settings, can reduce pain intensity. Meeting the aerobic-exercise guideline may be especially important. Further replication in pragmatic trials is required.
