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Selective behavioral, computational, and neural efficiency in executive function among open-skill athletes.

Geng Li¹, Weikun Zhang¹, Gesi Teng¹

¹School of Psychology, Research Center for Exercise and Brain Science, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

|June 17, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Open-skill athletes exhibit enhanced executive function, showing faster responses and greater efficiency in cognitive tasks compared to non-athletes. This suggests specialized neural and behavioral adaptations in athletes for complex, dynamic environments.

Keywords:

Cognitive flexibility Drift-diffusion modeling Executive function Inhibitory control Open-skill sports Working memory fMRI

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Neuroscience
Sports Science
Human Motor Control

Background:

Executive function is vital for goal-directed actions.
Open-skill sports demand rapid perception, decision-making, and action control.
Understanding cognitive differences in athletes can inform training and rehabilitation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate behavioral, computational, and neural distinctions in executive function between open-skill athletes and non-athlete controls.
To explore how task-switching, interference, and working memory are affected by open-skill sport experience.
To identify potential neural correlates and computational mechanisms underlying observed behavioral differences.

Main Methods:

Participants: 44 open-skill athletes and 43 matched non-athlete controls.
Tasks: Task-switching paradigm, Multi-Source Interference Task (MSIT), and N-back task.
Analyses: Behavioral measures, hierarchical drift-diffusion modeling (hDDM), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and exploratory Bayesian mediation analyses.

Main Results:

Athletes demonstrated faster reaction times in task-switching and MSIT with comparable accuracy; N-back performance showed no group difference.
hDDM revealed shorter non-decision times in athletes during task-switching and lower decision thresholds during MSIT.
fMRI indicated reduced task-related activation in athletes in specific brain regions (dlPFC, Crus I/II, IOG) during cognitive tasks.

Conclusions:

Open-skill athletes exhibit task-specific behavioral, computational, and neural efficiency.
Findings support a selective efficiency account of cognitive advantages in athletes.
These specialized patterns suggest adaptations to the demands of open-skill sports environments.