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Related Concept Videos

Streptococcal Pharyngitis01:27

Streptococcal Pharyngitis

Streptococcal pharyngitis, commonly known as “strep throat,” is an acute infection of the oropharyngeal tissues caused by the Gram‑positive Group A Streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes). Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets expelled during coughing, sneezing, or talking.Mechanisms of Host Entry and Immune EvasionUpon entering the host, S. pyogenes adheres to the mucosal epithelial cells of the pharynx via surface proteins, notably lipoteichoic acid and the antiphagocytic...
Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...
Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
Blood Typing01:10

Blood Typing

Understanding an individual's blood group is a critical component of transfusion medicine. It ensures compatibility in blood transfusions, organ transplants, and even during pregnancy. Determining these blood groups involves the ABO and Rh blood typing systems, utilizing specific antigens and corresponding anti-sera to identify an individual's blood type.
Antigens are protein molecules that reside on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). The ABO and Rh blood typing systems target antigens A,...

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Updated: Jun 19, 2026

A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection
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A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection

Published on: June 15, 2018

Serologic responses in patients with invasive group a streptococcal disease.

Ville Kailankangas1, Kirsi Gröndahl-Yli-Hannuksela2, Johanna Vilhonen3

  • 1Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.

International Journal of Infectious Diseases : IJID : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases
|June 17, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Antibody levels for anti-streptolysin O (ASO) and anti-deoxyribonuclease B (ADB) rise significantly during invasive group A Streptococcal (iGAS) infections. Enzyme immunoassays (EIA) show potential for diagnosing iGAS when cultures are negative.

Keywords:
AntibodyGroup A streptococcusImmune responseInvasive infectionSerology

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Invasive group A Streptococcal (iGAS) infections pose a significant public health challenge.
  • Accurate and timely diagnosis of iGAS is crucial for effective treatment and patient outcomes.
  • Serological markers like anti-streptolysin O (ASO) and anti-deoxyribonuclease B (ADB) are commonly used, but their kinetics in iGAS require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the diagnostic utility of ASO and ADB antibody kinetics in iGAS infections.
  • To assess an in-house enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for detecting IgG and IgA antibodies against iGAS strains.
  • To explore potential cross-reactivity of EIA assays for vaccine development.

Main Methods:

  • Serum samples were collected from 45 iGAS patients at three timepoints: early acute (A), late acute (B), and convalescent (C).
  • Antibody levels for ASO and ADB were measured using standard assays.
  • An in-house EIA was used to detect IgG and IgA antibodies against the causative strain and common emm types (emm1, emm28, emm89).

Main Results:

  • A significant increase in ASO and ADB antibody levels was observed from timepoint A to B.
  • At timepoint B, 74% of patients exceeded the upper limit of normal for ASO and 79% for ADB.
  • EIA results demonstrated potential emm type cross-reactivity, particularly for IgA at timepoint A.

Conclusions:

  • ASO and ADB antibody measurements are valuable tools for diagnosing iGAS, especially when culture confirmation is unavailable.
  • The observed emm type cross-reactivity in EIA assays suggests potential implications for vaccine development strategies.
  • Further research into EIA for iGAS diagnostics and vaccine design is warranted.