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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are slanted or...
Magnetic Resonance Imaging01:24

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...
Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.

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Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Registered Bioimaging of Nanomaterials for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Monitoring
17:16

Registered Bioimaging of Nanomaterials for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Monitoring

Published on: December 9, 2010

Dipolar Order Mapping Based on Spin-Lock Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Zijian Gao1, Qianxue Shan1, Ziqin Zhou1,2

  • 1Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.

NMR in Biomedicine
|June 17, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new MRI method for quantifying dipolar relaxation time (T1D) and macromolecular proton fraction (MPF) simultaneously. The rapid framework enables advanced microstructural imaging in the brain.

Keywords:
dipolar orderinhomogeneous magnetization transferspin‐lock

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Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

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Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancement for Detecting and Characterizing Self-Associations of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins
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Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancement for Detecting and Characterizing Self-Associations of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

Published on: September 23, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Imaging
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Inhomogeneous magnetization transfer (ihMT) is sensitive to dipolar order in motion-restricted macromolecules.
  • The dipolar relaxation time (T1D) characterizes this dipolar order.
  • Current methods for T1D quantification are limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and validate a novel spin-lock MRI framework for T1D quantification.
  • To develop a T1D-sensitive metric (RATIO_dosl) derived from dual-frequency spin-lock measurements.
  • To enable simultaneous T1D and macromolecular proton fraction (MPF) mapping.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a dedicated rotary-echo spin-lock sequence for dual-frequency acquisition.
  • Introduction of the RATIO_dosl metric based on the difference between dual-frequency and single-frequency R1ρ measurements.
  • Evaluation using numerical simulations, phantom experiments, and in vivo human brain imaging.

Main Results:

  • Simulations confirmed high sensitivity and robustness of RATIO_dosl to T1D.
  • Phantom experiments demonstrated measurable ihMT contrast and feasibility of T1D estimation.
  • In vivo imaging achieved simultaneous T1D and MPF mapping with only three prepared images.
  • Mean white matter T1D values in healthy volunteers ranged from 3.70 to 4.80 ms.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed spin-lock MRI framework enables rapid and simultaneous T1D and MPF mapping.
  • This technique offers a promising tool for investigating dipolar-order-sensitive microstructural imaging in vivo.
  • The method requires minimal imaging time, facilitating clinical applications.