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Foundational reproduction programs for U.S. dairy herds.
Paul M Fricke1, Megan R Lauber1, Milo C Wiltbank1
1Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
The Journal of Reproduction and Development
|June 17, 2026
Summary
Dairy farms have revolutionized reproductive performance through fertility programs and activity monitoring, leading to the "High Fertility Cycle." However, high pregnancy loss in embryo transfer programs requires further research for wider adoption.
Area of Science:
- Reproductive biology in dairy cattle
- Animal science and breeding technologies
- Dairy herd management and economics
Background:
- Historically, poor reproductive performance hindered assisted reproductive technologies (ART) adoption in U.S. dairy herds.
- Over 25 years, a reproductive revolution reversed this trend, significantly increasing performance.
- Key drivers include genetics, nutrition, management, and widespread adoption of fertility programs.
Purpose of the Study:
- To explain the dramatic increase in U.S. dairy herd reproductive performance.
- To introduce the concept of the "High Fertility Cycle" and its relation to Body Condition Score (BCS).
- To discuss the impact of improved performance on ART adoption, including semen sorting and embryo transfer.
Main Methods:
- Review of reproductive performance trends in U.S. dairy industry over the past 25 years.
- Analysis of factors contributing to improved reproductive efficiency, including fertility programs and automated activity monitoring.
- Conceptualization of the "High Fertility Cycle" linking periparturient BCS changes to pregnancy outcomes.
Main Results:
- U.S. dairy herds have achieved historically high reproductive performance.
- Fertility programs and automated activity monitoring have increased artificial insemination (AI) service rates.
- The "High Fertility Cycle" concept explains improved pregnancy outcomes and reduced health events.
Conclusions:
- The combination of fertility programs and the "High Fertility Cycle" has driven reproductive gains in U.S. dairy herds.
- Increased use of sexed semen, beef semen, and embryo transfer (ET) programs is a result.
- High pregnancy loss rates after ET compared to AI limit its widespread adoption, necessitating further research.
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